The Role of the Activator Additives Introduction Method in the Cold Sintering Process of ZnO Ceramics: CSP/SPS Approach

Ivakin, Yurii D.; Smirnov, Andrey V.; Kurmysheva, Alexandra Yu.; Kharlanov, Andrey N.; Solís Pinargote, Nestor Washington; Smirnov, Anton; Grigoriev, Sergey N.

doi:10.3390/ma14216680

Open AccessArticle

The Role of the Activator Additives Introduction Method in the Cold Sintering Process of ZnO Ceramics: CSP/SPS Approach

by

Yurii D. Ivakin

^1,2,

Andrey V. Smirnov

^2,3,

Alexandra Yu. Kurmysheva

^4,*,

Andrey N. Kharlanov

¹,

Nestor Washington Solís Pinargote

⁴

,

Anton Smirnov

⁴

and

Sergey N. Grigoriev

⁴

¹

Chemistry Department, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia

²

Mobile Solutions Engineering Center, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 119454 Moscow, Russia

³

Center for Design, Manufacturing and Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, build. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia

⁴

Laboratory of Electric Current Assisted Sintering Technologies, Moscow State University of Technology “STANKIN”, Vadkovsky per. 1, 127055 Moscow, Russia

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Materials 2021, 14(21), 6680; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216680

Submission received: 24 September 2021 / Revised: 26 October 2021 / Accepted: 3 November 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Properties and Processing of Novel Composites)

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Abstract

The great prospects for introducing the cold sintering process (CSP) into industry determine the importance of finding approaches to reduce the processing time and mechanical pressure required to obtain dense ceramics using CSP. The introducing zinc acetate into the initial ZnO powder of methods, such as impregnation, thermovapor autoclave treatment (TVT), and direct injection of an aqueous solution into a die followed by cold sintering process using a spark plasma sintering unit, was studied. The effect of the introduction methods on the density and grain size of sintered ceramics was analyzed using SEM, dynamic light scattering, IR spectroscopy, and XRD. The impregnation method provides sintered samples with high relative density (over 0.90) and significant grain growth when sintered at 250 °C with a high heating rate of 100 °C/min, under a uniaxial pressure of 80 MPa in a vacuum, and a short isothermic dwell time (5 min). The TVT and aqueous solution direct injection methods showed lower relative densities (0.87 and 0.76, respectively) of CSP ZnO samples. Finally, the development of ideas about the processes occurring in an aqueous medium with CSP and TVT, which are subject to mechanical pressure, is presented.

Keywords: oxide ceramics; zinc oxide; cold sintering process; thermovapor treatment; microstructure; spark plasma

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ivakin, Y.D.; Smirnov, A.V.; Kurmysheva, A.Y.; Kharlanov, A.N.; Solís Pinargote, N.W.; Smirnov, A.; Grigoriev, S.N. The Role of the Activator Additives Introduction Method in the Cold Sintering Process of ZnO Ceramics: CSP/SPS Approach. Materials 2021, 14, 6680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216680

AMA Style

Ivakin YD, Smirnov AV, Kurmysheva AY, Kharlanov AN, Solís Pinargote NW, Smirnov A, Grigoriev SN. The Role of the Activator Additives Introduction Method in the Cold Sintering Process of ZnO Ceramics: CSP/SPS Approach. Materials. 2021; 14(21):6680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216680

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ivakin, Yurii D., Andrey V. Smirnov, Alexandra Yu. Kurmysheva, Andrey N. Kharlanov, Nestor Washington Solís Pinargote, Anton Smirnov, and Sergey N. Grigoriev. 2021. "The Role of the Activator Additives Introduction Method in the Cold Sintering Process of ZnO Ceramics: CSP/SPS Approach" Materials 14, no. 21: 6680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216680

APA Style

Ivakin, Y. D., Smirnov, A. V., Kurmysheva, A. Y., Kharlanov, A. N., Solís Pinargote, N. W., Smirnov, A., & Grigoriev, S. N. (2021). The Role of the Activator Additives Introduction Method in the Cold Sintering Process of ZnO Ceramics: CSP/SPS Approach. Materials, 14(21), 6680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14216680

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The Role of the Activator Additives Introduction Method in the Cold Sintering Process of ZnO Ceramics: CSP/SPS Approach

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