An Experimental and Empirical Study on the Use of Waste Marble Powder in Construction Material
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Use of Various Types of Waste Materials in Clay Bricks
1.2. The Use of Rice Husk Ash
1.3. The Use of Rice Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Wood Dust, Slags and Dry Grass
1.4. The Use of Wood Ash, Marble Powder, and Other Types of Waste Powders
1.5. The Use of Glass Wastes
1.6. The Use of Natural Fibers
1.7. The Use of Marble Dust in Clay Bricks
1.8. The Use of Marble Powder in Cement-Based Materials
2. Research Significance
3. Materials and Experimental Methodology
3.1. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Test of Marble Powder
3.2. Water Absorption Test
3.3. Efflorescence Test
3.4. Bulk Density Test
3.5. Porosity Test
3.6. Compressive Strength Test
4. Test Results and Discussion
4.1. Water Absorption Test Results
4.2. Efflorescence Test Results
4.3. Bulk Density Test Results
4.4. Porosity Test Results
4.5. Compressive Strength Test Results
5. Comparison of the Experimental Results and Empirical Results
6. Application of Waste Marble Powder in Eco-Friendly Bricks
6.1. Practical Use of the Designed Bricks in the Construction Industry
6.2. Cost Comparison
7. Conclusions
- The water absorption capacity of the bricks increased with an increase in the content of marble powder.
- In general, the addition of marble waste to bricks does not significantly affect the amount of salt efflorescence. However, a minor effect of efflorescence was observed when 25% and 30% of marble powder was used in the bricks. The effect of efflorescence was related to the porosity of the bricks, i.e., if the bricks are porous, the effect of efflorescence will be more visible.
- The bulk density of the bricks declined with a rise in the amount of marble powder, causing the porosity to increase and the weight of the bricks to decrease.
- The amount of marble powder in clay bricks influences their compressive strength, i.e., as the percentage of marble powder in clay bricks increases, the compressive strength decreases due to increased porosity.
- The marble powder bricks were lighter in weight than the reference clay bricks. The weight of the bricks decreased as the marble powder content increased. This drop in the weight of the brick samples can result in a large savings for the construction industry, i.e., a higher quantity of bricks and lower structural load.
- The conducted empirical analysis showed a great compatibility with the laboratory test results regarding the following properties of bricks, i.e., water absorption, bulk density, porosity and compressive strength.
- Marble clay bricks can be used in emergency situations where high strength is not needed, such as refugee camps, emergency hospitals during flooding and earthquakes, street flooring, and pavements. In such situations, marble clay sustainable bricks with a 5% to 20% marble powder content as are suggested for use as a sustainable construction material.
- Due to high porosity, the water absorption capacity of marble bricks increased. Therefore, because of this property, it is recommended that marble bricks be used for construction in such areas and countries where the moisture rate in air is relatively low or the bricks are protected against moisture.
- The use of waste marble powder as a partial replacement for clay in the manufacturing of bricks is cost efficient, as the cost of bricks decreases with the inclusion of marble powder, which has a direct influence on project costs. This study suggests using 5% to 20% waste marble powder as a clay substitute, which reduces the cost of bricks by 1.6% to 6.3%, respectively.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Brick Groups | Number of Bricks | % of Marble by Weight | % of Clay by Weight | Marble Weight (kg) | Clay Weight (kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 15 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 50 |
B1 | 15 | 5 | 95 | 2.5 | 47.5 |
B2 | 15 | 10 | 90 | 5 | 45 |
B3 | 15 | 15 | 85 | 7.5 | 42.5 |
B4 | 15 | 20 | 80 | 10 | 40 |
B5 | 15 | 25 | 75 | 12.5 | 37.5 |
B6 | 15 | 30 | 70 | 15 | 35 |
Element | Weight % | Atomic % |
---|---|---|
CK | 11.40 | 18.33 |
OK | 53.66 | 64.76 |
MgK | 0.25 | 0.20 |
CaK | 34.69 | 16.71 |
Total | 100% | 99.80% |
Brick Sample | Marble Powder by Weight % | Clay by Weight % | Marble Powder Price per Ton of Mixture $ | Clay Price per Ton of Mixture (USD) | Total Cost of Mix per Ton (USD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 0 | 100 | 0.0 | 92.90 | 92.90 |
B1 | 5 | 95 | 3.18 | 88.26 | 91.44 |
B2 | 10 | 90 | 6.36 | 83.61 | 89.97 |
B3 | 15 | 85 | 9.54 | 78.97 | 88.51 |
B4 | 20 | 80 | 12.72 | 74.32 | 87.04 |
B5 | 25 | 75 | 15.9 | 69.70 | 85.60 |
B6 | 30 | 70 | 19.08 | 65.03 | 84.11 |
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Sufian, M.; Ullah, S.; Ostrowski, K.A.; Ahmad, A.; Zia, A.; Śliwa-Wieczorek, K.; Siddiq, M.; Awan, A.A. An Experimental and Empirical Study on the Use of Waste Marble Powder in Construction Material. Materials 2021, 14, 3829. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143829
Sufian M, Ullah S, Ostrowski KA, Ahmad A, Zia A, Śliwa-Wieczorek K, Siddiq M, Awan AA. An Experimental and Empirical Study on the Use of Waste Marble Powder in Construction Material. Materials. 2021; 14(14):3829. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143829
Chicago/Turabian StyleSufian, Muhammad, Safi Ullah, Krzysztof Adam Ostrowski, Ayaz Ahmad, Asad Zia, Klaudia Śliwa-Wieczorek, Muhammad Siddiq, and Arsam Ahmad Awan. 2021. "An Experimental and Empirical Study on the Use of Waste Marble Powder in Construction Material" Materials 14, no. 14: 3829. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143829