The Influence of Yarn and Weave Structures on Acoustic Materials and the Effect of Different Acoustic Signal Incidence Angles on Woven Fabric Absorption Possibilities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
3. Description of Methodology
3.1. Physical Characteristics of Yarn and Fabrics
3.2. Air Permeability Test
- Q = The velocity of air flow perpendicular to a sample (mm/s)
- qv = The average mean of the air flow (dm3/min or liter/min)
- Ap = Test area of the specimen (cm2)
- 167 = Conversion factor from (dm3 or liters/min and cm2 to mm/s)
3.3. Acoustic Tests
4. Air Permeability Test Results
4.1. The Influence of Yarn Type on Air Permeability Results
4.2. The Influence of Fabric Structure on Air Permeability Results
5. Sound Absorption Test Result
5.1. Influence of Yarn Type and Fabric Performance on Sound Absorption
5.2. The Influence of Yarn and Weave Parameters on the Reduction of Air Permeability and Sound Absorption Potential
5.3. Comparison of the Sound Pressure Level Drop According to Different Angles
6. Summary and Conclusions
- -
- Regarding comparison purposes, PES staple yarn was thin and had a high number of twists per meter. The amount of twist imparted on the staple yarn may prevent the entering of sound waves into the yarn strand or it lets sound waves to pass directly without any energy exchange between the strands. The fabrics formed from staple yarn also showed such results in the sound attenuation of the fabrics. Conversely, staple yarn hairiness properties do not significantly affect sound absorption and air permeability potential. Generally, materials formed from the staple yarn show a high air permeability and low sound pressure reduction results.
- -
- Low air permeability results also were recorded for all fabrics formed from twisted yarn, except the twill fabric structure. The textured yarn (PES DTY dtex 167 f 32 × 2) has a bulky structure and thick filaments in comparison. The bulkiness enables entrance of the sound waves between the fibers, and the thickness of the filament may increase the chance of sound energy friction with the filaments. This phenomenon may have the potential to dump sound waves between the fibers. High sound absorption results were achieved by all fabrics formed from textured yarn (I).
- -
- The results of measuring in various directions in the anechoic chamber indicate that the acoustic measurements at a 0° incidence angle showed higher sound pressure level reduction properties in all low and medium frequency ranges than those obtained at a 45° incidence angle. These findings provide guidance for the use of such materials in interior applications such as cinema interior wall coverings and conference rooms.
- -
- To obtain the maximum sound absorption potential of the presented materials, the sound source setting position or the incidence angle play decisive roles. Further experiments are in progress, specifically on the relation of the porosity of woven fabrics and the influence of increasing layers on textile acoustic materials.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
ΔL | sound pressure level drop (dB) |
L | sound pressure level (dB) |
F | frequency (Hz) |
A | amplitude of the acoustic signal (Pa) |
P | acoustic pressure (Pa) |
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Yarn Types | Weave Types | Sample Name | Set Density Warp/Weft (cm) |
---|---|---|---|
Textured | Plain I | TPI (Textured yarn-Plain weave I) | 30/16 |
Rib I | TRI (Textured yarn-Rib weave I) | 30/16 | |
Sateen I | TSI (Textured yarn-Sateen weave I) | 30/16 | |
Twill I | TTI (Textured yarn-Twill weave I) | 30/16 | |
Plain II | TPII (Textured yarn-Plain weave II) | 30/10 | |
Rib II | TRII (Textured yarn-Rib weave II) | 30/25 | |
Sateen II | TSII (Textured yarn-Sateen weave II) | 30/30 | |
Twill II | TTII (Textured yarn-Twill weave II) | 30/16 | |
Staple | Plain | SP (Staple yarn-Plain weave) | 32/16 |
Rib | SR (Staple yarn-Rib weave) | 31/16 | |
Sateen | SS (Staple yarn-Sateen weave) | 31/16 | |
Twill | ST (Staple yarn-Twill weave) | 31/16 | |
Twisted | Plain | TwP (Twisted yarn-Plain weave) | 32/16 |
Rib | TwR (Twisted yarn-Rib weave) | 31/16 | |
Sateen | TwS (Twisted yarn-Sateen weave) | 32/16 | |
Twill | TwT (Twisted yarn-Twill weave) | 31/16 |
Type of Yarn | Yarn twist/m | Yarn Hairiness | Yarn Evenness | Measured Linear Density of Yarns (Tex) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thin/km | Thick/km | |||||
Textured yarn | ------ | ------ | ------ | 36.62 ± 0.04 | ||
I | Warp/Weft PES DTY dtex 167 f 32 × 2 | |||||
II | Warp PES DTY dtex 167 f 48 × 2 Weft PES DTY dtex 167 f 32 × 2 | |||||
Staple yarn PES 20 × 2 tex | 511.4 | 7.24 | 80 | 34.6 | 41.16 ± 0.09 | |
Twisted yarn PES dtex 334 f 64, S95 | 90.1 | ------ | ------ | ------ | 36.93 ± 0.01 |
Samples Name | Measured Warp Density (Ends/cm) | Measured Weft Density (Picks/cm) | Fabric Thickness (mm) | Crimp % | Mass Per Unit Area, (g/m2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Warp | Weft | |||||
TPI | 31 ± 0 | 18 ± 0 | 0.52 ± 0.01 | 8.7 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 195 ± 1.5 |
TRI | 38 ± 0 | 17 ± 0 | 0.8 ± 0.02 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 17.9 ± 0.7 | 224 ± 2.8 |
TSI | 34 ± 0.4 | 20 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.03 | 11.1 ± 0.1 | 2 ± 0.1 | 213 ± 2.1 |
TTI | 32 ± 0 | 18 ± 0.6 | 0.79 ± 0.02 | 10.9 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 210 ± 4.2 |
TPII | 31 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 6 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 157 ± 1.8 |
TRII | 31 ± 0.7 | 27 ± 0.5 | 0.5 ± 0.02 | 11.4 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 221 ± 2.4 |
TSII | 33 ± 0 | 30 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.03 | 6.5 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 238 ± 2.2 |
TTII | 31 ± 0 | 17 ± 0.6 | 0.39 ±0.02 | 7 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 182 ± 1.9 |
SP | 32 ± 0.2 | 17 ± 0.6 | 0.57 ± 0.01 | 14.7 ± 0.3 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 213 ± 1.6 |
SR | 35 ± 0 | 17 ± 0.5 | 0.74 ± 0.01 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 11 ± 0.2 | 211 ± 1.5 |
SS | 33 ± 1.1 | 16 ± 0 | 0.71 ± 0.03 | 6.6 ± 0.1 | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 202 ± 0.5 |
ST | 33 ± 0.2 | 18 ± 0 | 0.75 ± 0.01 | 7.5 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 210 ± 3.3 |
TwP | 31 ± 0 | 17 ± 0.8 | 0.46 ± 0.01 | 7.4 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 189 ± 0.75 |
TwR | 35 ± 0.1 | 16 ± 0.6 | 0.73 ± 0.02 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 11.9 ± 0.2 | 203 ± 2 |
TwS | 35 ± 0 | 17 ± 1 | 0.76 ± 0.02 | 5 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 195 ± 0.63 |
TwT | 34 ± 0.2 | 20 ± 1 | 0.94 ± 0.01 | 6.7 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 197 ± 0.8 |
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Samuel, B.T.; Barburski, M.; Blaszczak, J.R.; Witczak, E.; Abramczyk, K. The Influence of Yarn and Weave Structures on Acoustic Materials and the Effect of Different Acoustic Signal Incidence Angles on Woven Fabric Absorption Possibilities. Materials 2021, 14, 2814. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112814
Samuel BT, Barburski M, Blaszczak JR, Witczak E, Abramczyk K. The Influence of Yarn and Weave Structures on Acoustic Materials and the Effect of Different Acoustic Signal Incidence Angles on Woven Fabric Absorption Possibilities. Materials. 2021; 14(11):2814. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112814
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamuel, Bethalihem Teferi, Marcin Barburski, Jaroslaw R Blaszczak, Ewa Witczak, and Katarzyna Abramczyk. 2021. "The Influence of Yarn and Weave Structures on Acoustic Materials and the Effect of Different Acoustic Signal Incidence Angles on Woven Fabric Absorption Possibilities" Materials 14, no. 11: 2814. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112814