Orientation-Dependent Deformation Behavior of 316L Steel Manufactured by Laser Metal Deposition and Casting under Local Scratch and Indentation Load
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material and Processing
2.2. Nanoindentation
2.3. Scratch Testing
2.4. Atomic Force Microscopy and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
2.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microstructure
3.2. Scratching and Indentation
4. Summary and Conclusions
- Local deformation behavior during scratching is highly influenced by the crystallographic orientation. Within individual grains, the scratch depth and pile-up behavior are relatively homogeneous, whereas localization of plastic deformation occurs at grain boundaries with high pile-ups.
- Scratching of individual grains with scratches smaller than the grain size, reveals that the scratch resistance is a function of grain orientation, and generally increases in the order (001)-(101)-(111). This tendency is independent of the investigated processing routes (conventional casting and LMD). The influence of the crystallographic orientation is also seen in the hardness measured by nanoindentation and correlates with the scratch depth.
- LMD processing leads to a reduction in scratch depth in comparison to casting. However, the deformation behavior in terms of pile-up height and the fab parameter are not significantly altered. Hence, LMD-processed microstructures show a higher local scratch resistance compared to the microstructures produced by conventional casting.
- The higher strength, hardness, and scratch resistance of LMD-processed microstructures is most likely due to a higher dislocation density. Pop-in phenomenon in the early beginning of the loading curve indicate a low defect density, and hence low dislocation density after the conventional casting route. The higher dislocation density and number of dislocation sources of the LMD-processed microstructure leads to early and continuous dislocation nucleation, and thus pop-ins are suppressed.
- A direct effect of the cellular substructure on the local deformation behavior during scratch and indentation testing is not seen. Pile-up behavior and occurring slip lines are not noticeably affected by the substructure.
- The indentation size effect (ISE) was investigated in nearly (001)-oriented grains. In the investigated grains, the ISE appeared to be of the same magnitude, independent of the processing route.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Laser Power | Focus Diameter | Feed Rate | Powder Feed Rate | Hatch Distance | Layer Height |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
315 W | 1 mm | 10 mm/s | 2.3 g/min | 0.5 mm | 0.3 mm |
Processing Route | C | N | Mn | Si | Cr | Ni | Mo | S + P | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cast | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.73 | 0.82 | 16.67 | 12.71 | 2.47 | 0.02 | bal. |
LMD | |||||||||
DS | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 17.65 | 11.08 | 2.43 | 0.01 | bal. |
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Pöhl, F.; Hardes, C.; Scholz, F.; Frenzel, J. Orientation-Dependent Deformation Behavior of 316L Steel Manufactured by Laser Metal Deposition and Casting under Local Scratch and Indentation Load. Materials 2020, 13, 1765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071765
Pöhl F, Hardes C, Scholz F, Frenzel J. Orientation-Dependent Deformation Behavior of 316L Steel Manufactured by Laser Metal Deposition and Casting under Local Scratch and Indentation Load. Materials. 2020; 13(7):1765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071765
Chicago/Turabian StylePöhl, Fabian, Corinna Hardes, Felicitas Scholz, and Jan Frenzel. 2020. "Orientation-Dependent Deformation Behavior of 316L Steel Manufactured by Laser Metal Deposition and Casting under Local Scratch and Indentation Load" Materials 13, no. 7: 1765. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13071765