Improving the Mechanical Strength of Dental Applications and Lattice Structures SLM Processed
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. AISI 316L Powder
2.2. Particle Analysis
2.3. Manufacturing Conditions
2.4. Processability Investigation
- Unstable processability (U): characterizes the impossibility of finalizing the process due to high residual stresses that severe warping the part, being necessary to interrupt its manufacturing. Major risk of failing.
- Relatively stable processability (R): characterizes a medium chance to succeed the process with continuous surveying until the last layer is deposed, being possible to observe some limited macro-cracks (0.1–1 mm length) or heat-affected zones.
- Stable processability (S): characterizes a successful SLM process, which does not need continuous surveillance. The parts obtained do not present the defects mentioned above.
2.5. Physical-Mechanical Testing
2.6. Dental Bride and Lattice Scaffolds Design
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Powder Examination
3.2. Manufacturing Evaluation
3.3. Physical-Mechanical Properties
3.4. Validating the Knowledge
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Element | Cr | Ni | Si | Mn | Mo | P | S | C | O | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximum weight (%) | 17 | 12 | 0.75 | 2 | 2.5 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.13 | Balance |
Value | Volume Method (μm) | Number Method (μm) |
---|---|---|
Minimum | 1.90 | |
Maximum | 91.28 | |
Mean | 39.09 | 17.24 |
d10 | 21.18 | 5.67 |
d50 | 39.34 | 12.80 |
d90 | 52.12 | 37.39 |
STDV | 12.23 |
Value | Circularity | Convexity | Elongation |
---|---|---|---|
Minimum | 0.06 | 0.44 | 0.00 |
Maximum | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.94 |
Mean | 0.94 | 0.99 | 0.11 |
d10 | 0.83 | 0.97 | 0.01 |
d50 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.07 |
d90 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.27 |
STDV | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.11 |
RSD (%) | 9.46 | 2.04 | 97.35 |
Processability Rank | Laser Power (W) | Scanning Speed (mm/s) | Energy Density (J/mm3) | YS (MPa) | UTS (MPa) | Elongation at Fracture (%) | Young Modulus (GPa) | Relative Density (ρrel) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Relatively stable | R1 | 130 | 1034 | 44.98 | 630 | 672 | 6 | 182 | 98.3 |
R2 | 170 | 58.82 | 654 | 689 | 8 | 173 | 98.5 | ||
R3 | 160 | 400 | 142.85 | 590 | 648 | 7 | 178 | 99.6 | |
Stable | S1 | 110 | 500 | 78.57 | 774 | 823 | 12 | 192 | 99.3 |
S2 | 150 | 750 | 71.42 | 703 | 786 | 10 | 184 | 99.3 | |
S3 | 180 | 950 | 67.66 | 783 | 841 | 13 | 194 | 99.1 |
Particle Size (μm) | Laser Power (W) | Scanning Speed (mm/s) | Layer Thickness (μm) | YS (MPa) | UTS (MPa) | Elongation at Fracture (%) | References/Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
d50 = 39.3 | 110 | 500 | 35 | 774 | 823 | 12 | This study (code S1) |
180 | 850 | 783 | 841 | 13 | This study (code S3) | ||
d50 = 37.2 | 140–290 | 800 | 30 | N/A | 630–730 | 35–60 | [14]/2018 |
d50 = 20.3 | 200 | 2000 | 30 | 498 | 589 | 11 | [33]/2018 |
d50 = 27.0 | 100 | 300 | 50 | N/A | 501–630 | 11 | [13]/2013 |
d50 = 29.1 | 200–300 | 600–1000 | 40 | 470–510 | 620–690 | 15–60 | [44]*/2019 |
22 | 90 | 160–640 | 50 | 642–643 | 714–745 | 15–28 | [9]/2008 |
20–63 | 200 | 200 | 50 | 517 | 687 | 32 | [7]/2018 |
20–63 | 380–950 | 625–3000 | 50 | 510–580 | 620–700 | 30–50 | [8]**/2018 |
15–45 | 150 | 700 | 20 | 510 | 620 | 43 | [15]/2017 |
20–50 | 90 | 1000 | 30 | 430–530 | 480–640 | 12–24 | [35]/2017 |
15–45 | 195 | 750 | 40 | 496 | 717 | 30 | [12] */2015 |
Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) | 470–580 | 700–776 | 33–46 | [43]/2016 | |||
Conventional casting and annealing | 304 | 560 | 60 | [45] | |||
Welded joints | 290 | 520 | 70 | [45] | |||
AISI 316L or EN 1.4432 | 170 | 485 | 40 | Standard |
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Cosma, C.; Kessler, J.; Gebhardt, A.; Campbell, I.; Balc, N. Improving the Mechanical Strength of Dental Applications and Lattice Structures SLM Processed. Materials 2020, 13, 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13040905
Cosma C, Kessler J, Gebhardt A, Campbell I, Balc N. Improving the Mechanical Strength of Dental Applications and Lattice Structures SLM Processed. Materials. 2020; 13(4):905. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13040905
Chicago/Turabian StyleCosma, Cosmin, Julia Kessler, Andreas Gebhardt, Ian Campbell, and Nicolae Balc. 2020. "Improving the Mechanical Strength of Dental Applications and Lattice Structures SLM Processed" Materials 13, no. 4: 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13040905