The Effect of Steel and Polypropylene Fibers on the Properties of Horizontally Formed Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials Used in the Research
2.2. Preparation of Samples
2.3. Determination of the Properties of the Fresh and Hardened Concrete Mixes
2.3.1. Consistency of the Fresh Concrete Mixes
2.3.2. Air-Void Content in the Fresh Concrete Mixes
2.3.3. Bulk Density of the Fresh and Hardened Concrete Mixes
2.4. Determination of the Mechanical Properties of the Hardened Concrete
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Determination of the Properties of the Fresh Concrete Mixes and Hardened Concrete
3.1.1. Consistency of the Concrete Mixes
3.1.2. Air-Void Content in the Concrete Mixes
3.1.3. Bulk Density of the Concrete Mixes and Hardened Concrete
3.2. Determination of the Mechanical Properties of the Hardened Concrete
3.2.1. Compressive Strength fcm of the Destructive Tests of the Concrete
3.2.2. Bending Tensile Strength fctm of the Concrete
3.3. Brittleness B of the Concrete
3.4. Correlations between the Properties of Concrete
4. Mechanical and Economic Analysis of the Concrete Modified with Steel or Polypropylene Fibers
4.1. Mechanical Performance Analysis
4.2. Economic Performance Analysis
4.3. Combined Economic and Mechanical Concrete Performance Analysis
- (1)
- Lower cost and higher strength, MPR ≥ 100% and ECR ≤ 130%;
- (2)
- Higher cost and higher strength, MPR ≥ 100% and ECR ≥ 130%;
- (3)
- Lower cost and lower strength, MPR ≤ 100% and ECR ≤ 130%;
- (4)
- Higher cost and lower strength, MPR ≤ 100% and ECR ≥ 130%.
5. Conclusions
- The consistency of the fresh concrete mixes modified with the addition of polypropylene fibers is denser when compared to both the mixes modified with the addition of steel fibers and the reference mix,
- The addition of fibers to the concrete mix leads to an increase in the content of air-voids in the mix when compared to the reference mix. In the case of the analyzed changes in the dosage of fibers, the concrete mixes with the addition of steel fibers have a higher content of air-voids when compared to the concrete mixes with polypropylene fibers,
- The addition of fibers to the concrete mix does not cause significant changes in its bulk density,
- The compressive strength of the concrete modified with fibers is on a similar level or even lower when compared to the strength value of the reference mix. In the case of the analyzed changes in the dosage of fibers, the addition of the polypropylene fibers to the concrete mix leads to nonsignificant changes in the value of compressive strength, whereas the addition of steel fibers to the concrete mix leads to a decrease in compressive strength when compared to the reference concrete,
- The addition of steel fibers to concrete leads to an improvement in its bending tensile strength. For the amount of 2.5 kg/m3 of polypropylene fibers, an improvement of the concrete’s bending tensile strength when compared to the reference concrete was observed,
- The concrete modified with the addition of polypropylene fibers has better brittleness properties than the reference concrete and concrete modified with steel fibers,
- The addition of polypropylene fibers to concrete is economically much more sensible than the addition of steel fibers. However, it should be noted that both types of fibers have worse mechanical properties when compared to the reference concrete.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Series | Fibers | Content |
---|---|---|
- | Type | kg/m3 |
REF | Reference | - |
STEEL 20 | Steel | 20.0 |
STEEL 22_5 | Steel | 22.5 |
STEEL 25 | Steel | 25.0 |
STEEL 27_5 | Steel | 27.5 |
STEEL 30 | Steel | 30.0 |
STEEL 32_5 | Steel | 32.5 |
PP 1_5 | Polypropylene | 1.5 |
PP 2 | Polypropylene | 2.0 |
PP 2_5 | Polypropylene | 2.5 |
PP 3 | Polypropylene | 3.0 |
PP 3_5 | Polypropylene | 3.5 |
PP 4 | Polypropylene | 4.0 |
Series | Fibers | Content | fcm | fctm | MPR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | Type | kg/m3 | MPa | MPa | % |
REF | Reference | - | 45.68 | 7.38 | 100% |
STEEL 20 | Steel | 20.0 | 41.51 | 7.2 | 93% |
STEEL 22_5 | Steel | 22.5 | 42.51 | 6.4 | 91% |
STEEL 25 | Steel | 25.0 | 39.4 | 6.9 | 89% |
STEEL 27_5 | Steel | 27.5 | 40.1 | 6.6 | 88% |
STEEL 30 | Steel | 30.0 | 41.28 | 6.6 | 90% |
STEEL 32_5 | Steel | 32.5 | 38.65 | 7 | 88% |
PP 1_5 | Polypropylene | 1.5 | 48 | 5.45 | 95% |
PP 2 | Polypropylene | 2.0 | 49 | 5.95 | 98% |
PP 2_5 | Polypropylene | 2.5 | 47.06 | 6.75 | 99% |
PP 3 | Polypropylene | 3.0 | 49.5 | 6.4 | 101% |
PP 3_5 | Polypropylene | 3.5 | 52.02 | 6.1 | 103% |
PP 4 | Polypropylene | 4.0 | 44.61 | 5.85 | 92% |
Series | Fibers | Content | cconcrete | cfibers | Cmixes | ECR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | Type | kg/m3 | €/m3 | €/m3 | €/m3 | % |
REF | Reference | - | 48.00 | 0.00 | 48.00 | 100% |
STEEL 20 | Steel | 20.0 | 48.00 | 18.00 | 66.00 | 138% |
STEEL 22_5 | Steel | 22.5 | 48.00 | 20.25 | 68.25 | 162% |
STEEL 25 | Steel | 25.0 | 48.00 | 22.50 | 70.50 | 172% |
STEEL 27_5 | Steel | 27.5 | 48.00 | 24.75 | 72.75 | 182% |
STEEL 30 | Steel | 30.0 | 48.00 | 27.00 | 75.00 | 192% |
STEEL 32_5 | Steel | 32.5 | 48.00 | 29.25 | 77.25 | 202% |
PP 1_5 | Polypropylene | 1.5 | 48.00 | 8.33 | 56.33 | 108% |
PP 2 | Polypropylene | 2.0 | 48.00 | 11.11 | 59.11 | 120% |
PP 2_5 | Polypropylene | 2.5 | 48.00 | 13.89 | 61.89 | 133% |
PP 3 | Polypropylene | 3.0 | 48.00 | 16.67 | 64.67 | 145% |
PP 3_5 | Polypropylene | 3.5 | 48.00 | 19.44 | 67.44 | 158% |
PP 4 | Polypropylene | 4.0 | 48.00 | 22.22 | 70.22 | 170% |
Series | Fibers | Content | MPR | ECR |
---|---|---|---|---|
- | Type | kg/m3 | % | % |
REF | Reference | - | 100% | 100% |
STEEL 20 | Steel | 20.0 | 93% | 138% |
STEEL 22_5 | Steel | 22.5 | 91% | 162% |
STEEL 25 | Steel | 25.0 | 89% | 172% |
STEEL 27_5 | Steel | 27.5 | 88% | 182% |
STEEL 30 | Steel | 30.0 | 90% | 192% |
STEEL 32_5 | Steel | 32.5 | 88% | 202% |
PP 1_5 | Polypropylene | 1.5 | 95% | 108% |
PP 2 | Polypropylene | 2.0 | 98% | 120% |
PP 2_5 | Polypropylene | 2.5 | 99% | 133% |
PP 3 | Polypropylene | 3.0 | 101% | 145% |
PP 3_5 | Polypropylene | 3.5 | 103% | 158% |
PP 4 | Polypropylene | 4.0 | 92% | 170% |
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Chajec, A.; Sadowski, Ł. The Effect of Steel and Polypropylene Fibers on the Properties of Horizontally Formed Concrete. Materials 2020, 13, 5827. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245827
Chajec A, Sadowski Ł. The Effect of Steel and Polypropylene Fibers on the Properties of Horizontally Formed Concrete. Materials. 2020; 13(24):5827. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245827
Chicago/Turabian StyleChajec, Adrian, and Łukasz Sadowski. 2020. "The Effect of Steel and Polypropylene Fibers on the Properties of Horizontally Formed Concrete" Materials 13, no. 24: 5827. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245827
APA StyleChajec, A., & Sadowski, Ł. (2020). The Effect of Steel and Polypropylene Fibers on the Properties of Horizontally Formed Concrete. Materials, 13(24), 5827. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245827