Forms of Damage of Bricks Subjected to Cyclic Freezing and Thawing in Actual Conditions

The paper presents the characteristics of damage of bricks in masonry structures of significant historical value as a result of cyclic freezing and thawing. Based on extensive investigation, which included macroscopic description, determination of compressive strength and tensile strength, determination of the mineral composition, scanning microscopy observation and determination of the porosity structure of bricks, three forms of frost damage were distinguished, termed as powdering, flaking and cracking. Bricks were collected from existing historical buildings 70 years after their construction. It was observed that the particular form of frost damage of bricks is highly correlated with the structure of porosity. Additional factors affecting the form of frost destruction are the strength of the material, its mineral composition and the spatial arrangement of the texture elements. Taking the above into account, it is possible to evaluate frost resistance of bricks and specify the form of damage. Predicting frost resistance and forms of damage based on low-destructive methods using small samples is the expected solution in the case of heritage facilities.