Evolution of Rheological Behaviors of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene/Crumb Rubber Composite Modified Bitumen after Different Long-Term Aging Processes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Testing Methodology
2.1. Materials and Preparation
2.2. Test Methods
2.2.1. Aging Method
2.2.2. Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) Test
2.2.3. Linear Amplitude Scanning (LAS) Test
- = integrity parameter;
- = complex shear modulus, MPa;
- = applied strain, %;
- t = testing time, s;
- α = 1/m, where m is the slope of the best-fit straight line with log (storage modulus) in vertical axis and log (applied frequency) on the horizontal axis;
- C0 = 1, the initial value of C;
- C1, C2 = curve-fit coefficients, then change the form as shown below:
- = at peak stress.
- f = loading frequency (10 Hz),
- k = 1 + (1 – C2), and
- B = 2.
- = the maximum expected binder strain, percent.
- = the quotient of damaged value of ;
- = the initial undamaged value of .
2.2.4. Bending Beam Rheometer Test
- , , and are the regression coefficients;
- = the test temperature (°C);
- = the critical temperature when S = 300 MPa (°C);
- = the critical temperature when m = 0.3 (°C);
- = the low service temperature (°C).
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Multiple Stress Creep Recovery Test Results
3.1.1. Analysis of Non-Recoverable Compliance at 3.2 kPa
3.1.2. Evolution of Stress Sensitivity of All Kinds of Asphalt during the Aging Process
3.1.3. Analysis of Percent Recovery at 3.2 kPa
3.2. Linear Amplitude Scanning Test Results
3.2.1. Evolution of the Damage Intensity and Integrity Parameters of All Kinds of Asphalt during the Aging Process
3.2.2. Effect of Aging to Fatigue Life (Nf) during the Long-Term Aging Processes
3.3. Low Temperature Performance
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The SBS/CR composite modified asphalt possessed the best fatigue resistance, rutting resistance and a low temperature performance before and after different aging conditions. This showed the strong anti-aging ability of SBS/CRMB because of its flexibility and structure that remain in a good condition after long-term aging.
- (2)
- Compared with CR and SBS modified asphalt in the virgin condition, the elastic property of CR in SBS/CRMB improved the ability to resist low temperature thermal and fatigue cracking at the range of low and middle temperatures. In the high temperature domain, the copolymer network greatly enhanced the elastic response of the asphalt SBS/CRMB, which shows better deformation recovery.
- (3)
- Compared with CRMB and SBSMB under different long-term aging processes, there was a presence of carbon black, which released from the crumb rubber power during the process of the SBS/CR modified bitumen’s preparation. The carbon black could protect the SBS molecule from oxidizing.
- (4)
- In contrast to CRMB and SBSMB, it is recommended that SBS/CRMB be used in the subgrade of a high speed railway. It is suggested that in future research, the properties of SBS/CR modified bitumen under different aging times of ultraviolet could be studied.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Unit | Test Results | Test Method |
---|---|---|---|
Penetration (25 °C, 100 g, 5 s) | (0.1 mm) | 68.9 | ASTM D5 |
softening point (Ring and ball method) | °C | 47.2 | ASTM D36 |
Ductility (15 °C, 5 cm/s) | cm | >100 | ASTM D113 |
Change in mass TFOT | % | −0.2 | ASTM D2872 |
Flash point, Cleveland open cup | °C | 289 | ASTM D92 |
Binder Type | Aging Conditions | %Recovery (0.1 kPa) | %Recovery (3.2 kPa) | Rdiff, % | Jnr(0.1 kPa), 1/kPa | Jnr(3.2 kPa), 1/kPa | Jnr,diff, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CRMB | Virgin | 23.48 | 6.63 | 71.76 | 1.592 | 2.192 | 37.73 |
TFOT | 21.87 | 5.19 | 76.26 | 2.574 | 3.936 | 52.92 | |
PAV-20 h | 17.03 | 4.13 | 75.74 | 3.863 | 6.542 | 69.43 | |
SBSMB | Virgin | 95.21 | 85.17 | 10.54 | 0.067 | 0.099 | 48.59 |
TFOT | 90.13 | 78.22 | 13.21 | 0.279 | 0.454 | 62.97 | |
PAV-20 h | 82.11 | 52.18 | 36.45 | 0.443 | 0.733 | 65.45 | |
PAV-40 h | 50.11 | 20.36 | 59.36 | 0.652 | 0.998 | 52.93 | |
PAV-80 h | 35.48 | 10.29 | 71.00 | 0.913 | 1.384 | 51.57 | |
SBS/CRMB | Virgin | 96.01 | 89.16 | 7.14 | 0.031 | 0.042 | 37.37 |
TFOT | 92.71 | 82.71 | 10.78 | 0.132 | 0.178 | 34.97 | |
PAV-20 h | 85.22 | 75.66 | 11.22 | 0.251 | 0.325 | 29.39 | |
PAV-40 h | 81.21 | 63.29 | 22.06 | 0.294 | 0.402 | 36.71 | |
PAV-80 h | 75.71 | 55.16 | 27.14 | 0.310 | 0.413 | 32.88 |
Binder Type | Aging Conditions | C1 | C2 | A | B | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CR | Virgin | 0.041 | 0.522 | 291329 | 2.474 | 1.237 | 0.142 |
TFOT | 0.042 | 0.530 | 388559 | 2.592 | 1.296 | 0.162 | |
PAV-20 h | 0.047 | 0.515 | 530604 | 2.760 | 1.379 | 0.213 | |
SBS | Virgin | 0.050 | 0.473 | 3045026 | 2.894 | 1.447 | 0.222 |
TFOT | 0.047 | 0.496 | 1949513 | 2.888 | 1.444 | 0.242 | |
PAV-20 h | 0.056 | 0.471 | 1627488 | 2.922 | 1.461 | 0.318 | |
PAV-40 h | 0.058 | 0.484 | 657644 | 2.910 | 1.455 | 0.327 | |
PAV-80 h | 0.061 | 0.536 | 641767 | 2.924 | 1.462 | 0.324 | |
SBS/CR | Virgin | 0.058 | 0.440 | 8017435 | 2.978 | 1.489 | 0.1988 |
TFOT | 0.043 | 0.504 | 4911318 | 3.026 | 1.513 | 0.2099 | |
PAV-20 h | 0.042 | 0.513 | 3055835 | 3.042 | 1.521 | 0.2496 | |
PAV-40 h | 0.044 | 0.505 | 3203419 | 3.05 | 1.525 | 0.2569 | |
PAV-80 h | 0.047 | 0.498 | 3542636 | 3.07 | 1.535 | 0.2878 |
Binder Type | Aging Conditions | TL,m | TL,S | TL | ΔTL(S-m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CR | Virgin | −22.77 | −22.95 | −32.77 | −0.18 |
TFOT | −2 1.63 | −22.74 | −31.63 | −1.11 | |
PAV-20h | −19.96 | −21.32 | −29.96 | −1.36 | |
SBS | Virgin | −20.26 | −23.06 | −30.26 | −3.02 |
TFOT | −18.26 | −20.46 | −28.26 | −2.20 | |
PAV-20h | −17.53 | −19.56 | −27.53 | −2.03 | |
PAV-40h | −16.29 | −18.16 | −26.29 | −1.87 | |
PAV-80h | −15.13 | −15.53 | −25.13 | −0.40 | |
SBS/CR | Virgin | −22.54 | −23.58 | −32.54 | −1.04 |
TFOT | −21.89 | −23.46 | −31.39 | −1.57 | |
PAV-20 h | −20.39 | −21.52 | −30.39 | −1.13 | |
PAV-40 h | −20.14 | −20.93 | −30.14 | −0.59 | |
PAV-80 h | −18.58 | −19.26 | −28.58 | −1.08 |
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Ye, Y.; Xu, G.; Lou, L.; Chen, X.; Cai, D.; Shi, Y. Evolution of Rheological Behaviors of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene/Crumb Rubber Composite Modified Bitumen after Different Long-Term Aging Processes. Materials 2019, 12, 2345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12152345
Ye Y, Xu G, Lou L, Chen X, Cai D, Shi Y. Evolution of Rheological Behaviors of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene/Crumb Rubber Composite Modified Bitumen after Different Long-Term Aging Processes. Materials. 2019; 12(15):2345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12152345
Chicago/Turabian StyleYe, Yangsheng, Gang Xu, Liangwei Lou, Xianhua Chen, Degou Cai, and Yuefeng Shi. 2019. "Evolution of Rheological Behaviors of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene/Crumb Rubber Composite Modified Bitumen after Different Long-Term Aging Processes" Materials 12, no. 15: 2345. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12152345