Electrode Materials for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Current Global Energy Scenario
1.2. Current Perspective on LIBs for Energy Storage
1.3. Rationale for SIBs for Energy Storage
2. Anodes
2.1. Carbons
2.2. Alloys
2.2.1. Sn-Based
2.2.2. Sb-Based
2.2.3. Ge-Based
2.2.4. P Based
2.2.5. Other Alloys
2.3. Metal Oxides
2.4. 2-D Materials
2.4.1. Graphene
2.4.2. Phosphorene
2.4.3. Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
2.4.4. MXenes
3. Cathodes
3.1. Layered Transition Metal Oxides (TMOs)
3.2. Polyanionic Compounds
3.2.1. Phosphates
3.2.2. NASICON Compounds and Fluorophosphates
3.3. Prussian Blue
3.4. Organic Materials
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Carbon Anode | Electrolyte Chemistry | Voltage Range (V) | Performance * | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Natural Graphite | 1 M NaPF6 in DEGDME (-) | 0.01–3.00 | 150/2500/100 | [53] |
Carbon nanosheets derived from peat moss | 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DEC (1:1) | 0.01–3.00 | 255/210/100 | [54] |
Soft Carbon | 1 M NaPF6 in EC/DEC (1:1) | 0.01–2.00 | 114/300/1000 | [33] |
Nitrogen doped porous carbon | 1 M NaClO4 in PC (-) | 0.01–3.00 | 243/100/50 | [55] |
Hollow carbon nanospheres | 1 M NaClO4 in PC (-) | 0.01–3.00 | 160/100/100 | [56] |
Hard carbon micro-spherules | 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DEC (1:1) | 0.01–3.00 | 290/100/30 | [57] |
Wood fiber derived hard carbon | 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DEC (1:1) | 0.01–2.5 | 196/200/100 | [58] |
Hard-soft composite carbon | 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DEC (1:1) | 0.01–2.5 | 191/100/150 | [59] |
Hard carbon microtubes (HCTs) | 0.8 M NaPF6 in EC/DMC (1:1) | 0.01–2.5 | 305/100/30 | [60] |
Microstructure-controlled amorphous carbon | 1 M NaPF6 in EC/DMC (1:1) | 0.01–3.00 | 190/200/300 | [61] |
Type of Alloy-Based Anode | Electrolyte Chemistry | Voltage Range (V) | Performance * | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sn coated viral nanoforests | 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DEC (1:1) | 0.01–1.5 | 405/150/50 | [65] |
Sn nanofibers | 1 M NaClO4 in PC with 2% FEC | 0.001–0.65 | 776.26/100/84.7 | [103] |
Sb/MWCNT (Multi-walled carbon nanotube) | 1 M NaClO4 in PC (1:1) with 5/10% FEC | 0.01–2.5 | ~382/120/200 | [104] |
Sb nanocrystals | 1 M NaPF6 in EC/DMC (-) | 0.02–1.5 | ~550/100/660 | [93] |
Sb@C microspheres | 1 M NaPF6 in EC/DEC (1:1) | 0.01–3.00 | ~584/100/200 | [105] |
Sb@TiO2 | 1 M NaClO4 in PC (1:1) with 5% FEC | 0.01–3.00 | 541/100/100 | [106] |
Zn4Sb3 | 1 M NaClO4 in PC (1:1) with 5% FEC | 0.01–2.0 | 290/200/414 | [107] |
FeSb2 | 1 M NaClO4 in PC with 5% FEC | 0.01–1.2 | 540/130/36 | [108] |
SnSb@carbon nanocable | 1 M NaClO4 in PC (1:1) with 5% FEC | 0.005–1.5 | 360/100/100 | [109] |
Si/Ge nanorod | 1 M NaPF6 in EC/DEC (1:1) | 0.001–1.5 | 20 μAh cm−2/200/10 μA cm−2 | [67] |
Bi@C microsphere | 1 M NaClO4 in EC/PC (1:1) | 0.01–2.0 | 123.5/100/100 | [110] |
Sn-Bi-Sb | 1 M NaClO4 in PC (1:1) with 5% FEC | 0.01–2.0 | 621/100/200 | [111] |
Sn4P3 | 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DEC (1:1) | 0.01–1.5 | ~700/100/100 | [112] |
SnP nanocrystals | 5 M NaFSI in DME | 0.005–1.5 | 600/200/100 | [113] |
Cu2P/C | 1 M NaClO4 in EC/DEC (1:1) with 5% FEC | 0.01–1.5 | 430/100/200 | [114] |
Type of Metal Oxide Anode | Electrolyte Chemistry | Voltage Range | Performance * | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
P2-Na2/3Co1/3Ti2/3O2 | 1M of NaClO4 in EC/DEC/3 wt.% FEC | 4.0–2.0 | 64.9/400/1C a | [133] |
Tunnel-Na0.44MnO2 | 1M NaClO4 in PC | 2–3.8 | 82/1000/0.42 C a | [134] |
Fe3O4 QD@C-GN | 1M NaFP6 in EC/DMC | 0–3.0 | 343/1000/2000 | [135] |
Co3O4@NC | 1M NaClO4 in PC/PEC | 0–3.0 | 175/1100/1000 | [136] |
SnO2/3D graphene | 1M NaPF6 in EC/DEC/10 wt.% FEC | 0–2.8 | 223/350/80 | [137] |
T-Nb2O5/CNF | 1M NaClO4 in PC/EC/5 wt.% PEC | 0–2.8 | 150/5000/1000 | [138] |
Na2Ti6O13 nanorods | 1M NaClO4 in PC and FEC | 0–2.5 | 109/2800/1000 | [139] |
Sb2O3/Sb@Gr-CSN | 1M NaClO4 in EC/DMC | 0–2.5 | 487/275/100 | [140] |
V2O3/C | 1M NaClO4 in DMC/EC | 0–3.0 | 181/1000/2000 | [141] |
3-CCO@C | 1M NaClO4 in DMC/EC | 0–3.0 | 314/1000/1000 | [142] |
Inverse opal am-TiO2 | 1M NaPF6 in DEG-DME | 0–3.0 | 86.7/500/500 | [143] |
Nickel-titanium oxide | 1M NaPF6 in DMC/EC/5 wt.% FEC | 0–2.5 | 491/200/50 | [144] |
M-Na4Ti5O12/CNT | 1M NaClO4 in DMC/EC | 0.01–3.0 | 84.4/500/100 | [145] |
Na2Ti2O5∙H2O/MoS2-C | 1M NaClO4 in DMC/EC/5 wt.% FEC | 0–3.0 | 201.1/16,000/8000 | [81] |
Type of 2D Materials Anode | Electrolyte Chemistry | Voltage Range (V) | Performance * | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
P/N-doped graphene | 1M NaPF6 in EC/DEC | - | 809/350/1500 | [212] |
HRGO300 | 1M NaClO4 in EC/DMC/FEC | 0–3.0 | 163/3000/2000 | [213] |
VSG2 | ester-based | 0–3.0 | 402/300/500 | [214] |
Nanoporous RP on rGO | 1M NaClO4 in PC/5 wt.% FEC | 0.01–2.0 | 775.3/1500/5120 | [215] |
SbPO4/rGO | 1M NaClO4 in PC | 0–1.5 | 100/1000/1000 | [156] |
Ti2Nb2O9 nanosheets | 1M NaPF6 in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether | ~0.1–3.0 | ~160/500/800 | [216] |
MoS2/S-doped graphene | 1M NaPF6 in DEC/EC | 0.005–3.0 | 309/500/1000 | [217] |
Mesoporous MoS2/C | 1M NaClO4 in DMC/EC/5 wt.% FEC | 0.05–3.0 | 390/2500/1000 | [218] |
MoSe2@N, P-carbon nanosheet | 1M NaPF6 in DEC/EC/5 wt.% FE | 0–3.0 | 168/1000/500 | [196] |
Type of Cathode | Electrolyte Chemistry | Voltage Range (V) | Performance * | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Layered TMOs | ||||
Na0.44MnO2 | 1M NaClO4 in EC:DEC (1:1) | 2.0–3.8 | 80/2000/0.1 C b | [306] |
Na0.67[Mn0.65Co0.2Ni0.15]O2 | 1M NaPF6 in EC:DEC (1:1) | 2.0–4.4 | 129/50/20 | [307] |
NaMnTi0.1Ni0.1O2 | 1M NaClO4 in PEC | 1.5–4.2 | 186/500/0.1 C b | [308] |
NaxAl0.1Mn0.9O2 | 1M NaPF6 in PEC | 2.0–3.8 | 160/100/0.1 C b | [309] |
Na[Li0.05(Ni0.25Fe0.25Mn0.5)0.95]O2 | 1M NaClO4 in PEC:FEC (1:1) | 1.75–4.3 | 177/200/0.1 C b | [310] |
Phosphates | ||||
Mesoporous amorphous FePO4 | 1M NaPF6 in EC:DEC (1:1) | 1.5–3.8 | 151/160/20 | [311] |
Amorphous FePO4/CNT | 1M NaClO4 in EC:DMC (1:1) | 2.25–3.75 | 66/300/50 | [312] |
NaFePO4 | NaTFSI/BMP–TFSI (IL) | 2.0–3.75 | 120/100/0.05 C b | [313] |
NaFePO4 | 1M NaPF6 in EC:DMC (1:1) | 1.5–4.0 | 150/200/0.1 C b | [240] |
Na2Fe2P2O7 | 1M NaClO4 in PC | 2.0–4.0 | 90/30/0.1 C b | [314] |
NASICON and Fluorophosphates | ||||
Na3V2(PO4)3 | 1M NaClO4 in PC | 2.5–3.8 | 66.5/50/1 C b | [259] |
C coated Na3V2(PO4)3 | 1M NaPF6 in EC:DMC (1:1) | 2.5–4.0 | 113/8000/2 C b | [315] |
Graphene supported Na3V2(PO4)3 | 1M NaClO4 in PC | 2.5–3.8 | 90/100/1 C b | [316] |
Fe2(MoO4)3 | 1M NaClO4 in EC:DMC (1:1) | 1.5–3.5 | 94/100/1 C b | [317] |
Na3V2O2(PO4)2F | 1M NaClO4 in FEC | 2.5–4.3 | 100/1000/20 C b | [318] |
PB | ||||
Na4Fe(CN)6 | 1M NaClO4 in EC/DEC (1:1) | 2.0–4.2 | 100/70/5 | [319] |
Na2NiCo1−xFe(CN)6 | 1M NaPF6 in EC/DEC (1:1) | 2.0–4.2 | 124/100/50 | [320] |
NaxCoFe(CN)6 | 1M Na2SO4 (pH = 7) | 0.5–2.0 | 100/200/600 | [285] |
K0.33FeFe(CN)6/rGO | 1M NaClO4 in EC/DEC (1:1) | 2.0–3.8 | 160/1000/0.5 C b | [321] |
Na0.647Fe[Fe(CN)6]0.93.2.6H2O/C | 1M NaPF6 in EC/DEC (1:1) | 2.0–4.0 | 130/200/50 | [279] |
Organic | ||||
Polyimide (PI) | 1M NaPF6 in PC | 1.5–3.0 | 180/50/50 | [322] |
Anthraquinone based PI | 1M NaPF6 in DME:DOL (1:1) | 1.5–3.5 | 179/150/50 | [323] |
Poly(benzoquinonyl sulfide) (PBQS) | 1M NaTFSI/DOL DME | 1.5–4.0 | 268/1000/50 | [324] |
Disodium rhodizonate | 1M NaClO4 in PC | 0.0–3.1 | 498/50/50 | [325] |
Juglone/rGO | 1M NaClO4 in EC:DMC (1:1) | 0.0–2.5 | 760/100/100 | [290] |
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Mukherjee, S.; Bin Mujib, S.; Soares, D.; Singh, G. Electrode Materials for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries. Materials 2019, 12, 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12121952
Mukherjee S, Bin Mujib S, Soares D, Singh G. Electrode Materials for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries. Materials. 2019; 12(12):1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12121952
Chicago/Turabian StyleMukherjee, Santanu, Shakir Bin Mujib, Davi Soares, and Gurpreet Singh. 2019. "Electrode Materials for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries" Materials 12, no. 12: 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12121952