Refitting of Zirconia Toughening into Open-Cellular Alumina Foams by Infiltration with Zirconyl Nitrate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Starting Materials and Infiltration Fluids
3.2. Hollow Strut Infiltration of Alumina Foams with Alumina and Zirconia
3.3. Strut Microstructure of Alumina Foams after Alumina and Zirconia Infiltration
3.4. Mechanical Behavior of Alumina Foams after Alumina and Zirconia Infiltration
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Material | Dispersion Foam Manufacturing | Dispersion Strut Infiltration |
---|---|---|---|
Alumina powder | CT 3000 SG, d50 = 0.5 µm a | 78.3 wt.% | -/- |
TM-DAR, d50 = 0.1 µm a | -/- | 63.8 wt.% | |
Dispersant | demineralized water | 19.6 wt.% | 35.5 wt.% |
Deflocculant | ethanolammonium citrate (Dolapix CE64) | 0.8 wt.% | 0.6 wt.% |
Binder | polyvinylalcohol (Optapix PA 4G) | 1.2 wt.% | -/- |
Defoamer | polyalkylene glycolether (Contraspum K1012) | 0.1 wt.% | 0.1 wt.% |
Fluid | Solvent/wt.% | Metal Salt/wt.% | Density/g∙cm−3 | c(Mn+)/mol∙L−1 | OxideContent /g∙L−1 | d50,3 a /nm | K b /mPa∙s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TM-DAR H2O | 36 | 64 | -/- | -/- | 638 | 236 ± 88 | 14.0 ± 1.0 |
ZrO(NO3)2 H2O | 70 | 30 | 1.19 ± 0.02 | 1.09 ± 0.02 | 134.0 ± 1.6 | 7.8 ± 3.6 | 5.6 ± 0.5 |
ZrO(NO3)2 1M HNO3 | 70 | 30 | 1.23 ± 0.02 | 1.13 ± 0.02 | 138.8 ± 1.8 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.2 |
ZrO(NO3)2 2M HNO3 | 70 | 30 | 1.26 ± 0.02 | 1.15 ± 0.02 | 141.2 ± 1.7 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.1 |
Al(NO3)3 H2O | 25 | 75 | 1.43 ± 0.02 | 1.91 ± 0.03 | 97.2 ± 2.4 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 18.2 ± 0.2 |
Processing Level | Geometric Porosity a/% | Strut Thickness (CT) b/mm | Cell Size (CT) b/mm |
---|---|---|---|
initial foam (1350 °C) | 93.8 ± 0.2 | 0.43 ± 0.17 | 2.6 ± 0.2 |
alumina-infiltrated | 92.1 ± 0.2 | 0.51 ± 0.13 | 2.6 ± 0.2 |
alumina and zirconia infiltrated | 92.5 ± 0.2 | 0.45 ± 0.14 | 2.5 ± 0.2 |
sintered foam (1650 °C) | 91.5 ± 0.2 | 0.42 ± 0.14 | 2.4 ± 0.2 |
Sample | Infiltration | Initial Porosity a/% | Final Porosity b/% | ZrO2/wt.% (m:t) | σcf/MPa | σcf,min/MPa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zr_H2O | Al2O3/ZrO(NO3)2 in demin. H2O | 93.8 ± 0.2 | 91.4 ± 0.3 | 1.2 (79:21) | 1.49 ± 0.36 | 0.79 |
Zr_1M_HNO3 | Al2O3/ZrO(NO3)2 in 1M HNO3 | 93.8 ± 0.2 | 91.5 ± 0.4 | 1.4 (80:20) | 1.35 ± 0.21 | 0.97 |
Zr_2M_HNO3 | Al2O3/ZrO(NO3)2 in 2M HNO3 | 93.8 ± 0.2 | 91.5 ± 0.4 | 1.6 (79:21) | 1.58 ± 0.24 | 1.14 |
Zr_2M_HNO3_2x | Al2O3/ZrO(NO3)2 in 2M HNO3 (2x) | 93.8 ± 0.2 | 91.4 ± 0.4 | 3.3 (71:29) | 1.43 ± 0.29 | 0.96 |
Zr_2M_HNO3_3x | Al2O3/ZrO(NO3)2 in 2M HNO3 (3x) | 94.0 ± 0.1 | 91.5 ± 0.3 | 4.9 (84:16) | 1.60 ± 0.07 | 1.45 |
Zr_Y_2M_HNO3 | Al2O3/ZrO(NO3)2 + Y in 2M HNO3 | 93.7 ± 0.1 | 91.5 ± 0.4 | 1.4 (13:87) | 1.37 ± 0.26 | 0.87 |
Al_H2O_ref. | Al2O3/Al(NO3)3 in H2O | 93.8 ± 0.2 | 91.7 ± 0.5 | -/- | 1.01 ± 0.28 | 0.43 |
uninf._ref. c | -/- | -/- | 91.8 ± 0.3 | -/- | 0.56 ± 0.21 | 0.24 |
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Betke, U.; Scheunemann, M.; Scheffler, M. Refitting of Zirconia Toughening into Open-Cellular Alumina Foams by Infiltration with Zirconyl Nitrate. Materials 2019, 12, 1886. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12121886
Betke U, Scheunemann M, Scheffler M. Refitting of Zirconia Toughening into Open-Cellular Alumina Foams by Infiltration with Zirconyl Nitrate. Materials. 2019; 12(12):1886. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12121886
Chicago/Turabian StyleBetke, Ulf, Marcel Scheunemann, and Michael Scheffler. 2019. "Refitting of Zirconia Toughening into Open-Cellular Alumina Foams by Infiltration with Zirconyl Nitrate" Materials 12, no. 12: 1886. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12121886