Soft Material-Enabled, Flexible Hybrid Electronics for Medicine, Healthcare, and Human-Machine Interfaces
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Flexible Hybrid Electronics (FHE)
2.1. Definition
2.2. Material Characteristics for Wearable and Implantable Electronics
2.3. Sensing Materials
2.4. Substrate Materials
2.5. Wearable FHE
2.5.1. Strain Sensors
2.5.2. Pressure Sensors
2.5.3. Other Types of Sensors
2.5.4. Electrodes
2.5.5. Electrical Components, Displays, and Actuators
2.5.6. Energy Storage
2.6. Implantable FHE
2.6.1. Implantable Electrodes and Sensors
2.6.2. Actuators
2.6.3. Energy Storage and Circuit Components
3. Integration Strategies of Electronic Circuits for FHE
3.1. Organic Electronics
3.2. Inorganic Electronics
3.3. Thinned Chips
3.4. Chip-Scale Packaging
4. Health Monitoring and Disease Diagnostics
5. Human-Machine Interfaces (HMI)
6. Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sensing Material | Type | Biocompatible/Biodegradable 1 |
---|---|---|
Carbon Nanotube | Organic | Yes/Yes 2 [44] |
Graphene | Inorganic | Yes/No 3 [45,46,47] |
Hydrogel | Organic/Inorganic | Yes/Yes 4 [48,49,50] |
Liquid Metal (EGaIn) | Inorganic | Yes/No 5 [51] |
Nanosheet and Thin Film (MnO2, Mn, Mg, Si) | Inorganic | Yes/Yes 6 [52,53,54,55] |
Nanowire (Ag, ZnO, Si, Au, BaTiO3, Ni) | Inorganic | Yes/No 7 [56,57,58,59,60,61] |
Conducting Polymer (PEDOT:PSS) | Organic | Yes/No 8 [62] |
Substrate Material | Organic/Inorganic | Young’s Modulus/% Elongation at Break | Biocompatible/Biodegradable |
---|---|---|---|
Silicone elastomer (Ecoflex 00-30) | Organic | 0.07 MPa/900% [77] | Y/N 1 [78] |
Silicone elastomer (Sylgard 184) | Organic | 1.32–2.97 MPa [79]/120% [80] | Y/N 2 [81] |
Silicone elastomer (Silbione LSR 4330) | Organic | 1.38 MPa/750% [82] | Y/N 3 [83] |
Parylene (VSI Parylene C) | Organic | 2800 MPa/200% [84] | Y/N 4 [85,86] |
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) | Organic | 230 MPa/120% [87] | Y/N 5 [88,89,90] |
Polycaprolactone (PCL) | Organic | 340.2 MPa/853.8% [91] | Y/Y 6 [92,93] |
Polyimide (PI) | Organic | 280 MPa/80% [87] | Y/N 7 [94] |
Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) | Organic | 280 MPa/90% [87] | Y/N 8 [95] |
Polyethersulfone (PES) | Organic | 2654.5 MPa/100% [96] | Y/N 9 [97] |
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) | Organic | 0.06 MPa/400% [98] | Y/N 10 [99] |
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) | Organic | 2000 MPa/3–10% [100] | Y/Y 11 [101] |
Cyclic olefin polymer (Zeonor 1020R) | Organic | 2100 MPa/90% [102] | Y/N 12 [103] |
Silk fibroin | Organic | 2500 MPa/2.1% (dry) 16.7 MPa/127.8% (wet) [104] | Y/Y 13 [105,106] |
Device Type | Sensing Material | Application | Substrate Material | Target Signal | Sensitivity | Flexibility | Stretchability | Reference (Year) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strain Sensor | MWCNT | Motion, Bending | Ecoflex | Resistance | 1.5 GF | - | 300% | [112] (2017) |
EGaIn Liquid | Motion, Contact | Ecoflex Microtubules | Resistance | - | - | 750% | [107] (2017) | |
CS-PDMS | Blood Pulse, Breathing, | PDMS | Resistance, Temperature | GF 1.78 | 180° | 228% | [74] (2016) | |
Graphite Flake Sheath and Silk Fiber Core | Joint Motion, Multiaxial | Ecoflex | Resistance | 14.5 GF | - | 15% | [66] (2016) | |
Self-healing SWCNT-Hydrogel | Bending | VHB Mounting Tape | Resistance | GF 0.24 (100% Strain), GF 1.51 (1000% Strain) | 540° Twisting, 150° Bending | 1000% | [69] (2017) | |
Pressure Sensor | GPN | Blood Pressure | PDMS | Resistance | 0.09/kPa | - | 40% | [37] (2016) |
Light Sensor | Ionic Liquid, PU fiber, SWCNT, Au film | Electronic Skin | Ecoflex | Conductivity | 2.4 mW | 90° | 50% | [63] (2017) |
Temperature | PEIE/CNT-PDMS. Ag electrode | Healthcare Patch | PET | Resistance, Voltage | 0.85%/°C, | - | - | [113] (2017) |
Sweat Sensor | InGaZnO ISFET, PI, CNT/PEDOT:PSS | Healthcare and Sports | PET | Current, Resistance | 51.2 mV/pH | 10 mm Radius | - | [114] (2017) |
Hydrogel, Ag/AgCl Electrode | Fitness Monitoring | PET | Voltage | 52.8 mV/decade | - | - | [70] (2017) | |
Electrode | Au | EOG, Eye Movement | PI | Voltage | 13.3 µV/° | 0.5 mm Radius | 30% | [8] (2017) |
Antenna | Ag-PDMS | Wireless Communication | Conductivity | - | - | 20% | [115] (2017) | |
QD Display | QDs | Sensor Display, Touch Sensor | Parylene | Intensity | - | 180° | - | [111] (2017) |
Cooling Device | BaSrTiO Nanowires | Cooling | PDMS | - | - | 5 mm Radius | 25% | [42] (2016) |
Supercapacitor | MnO2 Nanosheet, Carbon Fiber, Graphene, PVA | Energy Storage | Cotton Textile | [116] (2016) |
Device Type | Sensing Material | Application | Substrate Material | Target Signal | Sensitivity | Flexibility | Stretchability | Reference (Year) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Electrode | Myoblasts, Au-Graphene | EMG, Stimulation, Therapy | PI, PDMS | Voltage | - | - | 40% | [147] (2016) |
Si nanomembranes | Electrophysiological Mapping | PI | Voltage, Current | - | 5 mm radius | - | [151] (2017) | |
Doped Si Nanomembranes | Monitor Brain, Muscle, Organ Activity | PLGA | Voltage | - | 1 mm radius | - | [10] (2016) | |
LE-AgNW | ECG, Biventricular Pacing | SBS Rubber | Voltage, Contractility | - | - | - | [152] (2016) | |
Cardiac Temperature Sensor | Au | Lesion Characterization | PET | - | 0.26%/°C | 21 N/m Bending Stiffness | - | [148] (2016) |
Optogenetic Light Delivery | Cu | Optogenetics | PI, Parylene, PDMS | Output Power | - | 6 mm radius | - | [149] (2017) |
Biodegradable Microsupercapacitor | W, Fe, Mo, NaCl-Hydrogel | Power Storage | PLGA | Capacitance | - | 5 mm diameter | - | [49] (2017) |
Biodegradable Battery | Mg | Power Supply | Silk Fibroin | - | 0.06 mAh/cm2 (Specific Capacity) | - | 98% | [150] (2017) |
Energy Harvester | PMN-PZT-Mn | ECG, Wireless Data Transmission | PET, PU | Voltage | - | 9.95−5 N/m Bending Stiffness | - | [153] (2017) |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Herbert, R.; Kim, J.-H.; Kim, Y.S.; Lee, H.M.; Yeo, W.-H. Soft Material-Enabled, Flexible Hybrid Electronics for Medicine, Healthcare, and Human-Machine Interfaces. Materials 2018, 11, 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11020187
Herbert R, Kim J-H, Kim YS, Lee HM, Yeo W-H. Soft Material-Enabled, Flexible Hybrid Electronics for Medicine, Healthcare, and Human-Machine Interfaces. Materials. 2018; 11(2):187. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11020187
Chicago/Turabian StyleHerbert, Robert, Jong-Hoon Kim, Yun Soung Kim, Hye Moon Lee, and Woon-Hong Yeo. 2018. "Soft Material-Enabled, Flexible Hybrid Electronics for Medicine, Healthcare, and Human-Machine Interfaces" Materials 11, no. 2: 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11020187