Processes of Fatigue Destruction in Nanopolymer-Hydrophobised Ceramic Bricks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characteristics of Materials
- Oligomeric dialkyl siloxanes characterised by the following physical parameters:
- -
- viscosity η = 1.08 × 10−3 Pa·s;
- -
- surface tension σ = 23.51 × 10−3 N/m;
- -
- surface tension-to-viscosity ratio η/γ = 21.77;
- -
- density at 20 °C—ρ = 0.80 g/cm3.
- Aqueous methyl silicone resin in potassium hydroxide characterised by:
- -
- preparation-water ratio 1:8;
- -
- viscosity η = 0.98 × 10−3 Pa·s;
- -
- surface tension γ = 77.24 × 10−3 N/m;
- -
- surface tension-to-viscosity ratio η/γ = 78.82;
- -
- density at 20 °C—ρ = 1.03 g/cm3 [31].
- Parameters of water for comparison:
- -
- viscosity η = 0.89 × 10−3 Pa·s;
- -
- surface tension γ = 72 × 10−3 N/m;
- -
- surface tension-to-viscosity ratio η/γ = 80.90;
- -
- density at 20 °C—ρ = 0.99 g/cm3.
2.2. Methods
2.3. Determination of the Properties of Hydrophobised Bricks
3. Discussion
3.1. Hardness of Hydrophobised Bricks
3.2. Absorbability of Hydrophobised Bricks
3.3. Correlation between Absorbability and Hardness of Hydrophobised Bricks
3.4. Microscopic Observations of Hydrophobised Bricks
4. Conclusions
- (a)
- Increased mechanical and fatigue strength, e.g., resistance to damage induced by the tests, was achieved by the coating based on the aqueous silicon solution, which is associated with the chemical traits of silicones and the physical properties of the film.
- (b)
- The sonochemical reaction proceeds more rapidly and is more effective in the case of incorporation of silica molecules into the internal structure of dialkyl siloxane-based nanopolymers. This is closely related to the size of siloxane molecules and the type of substituents in the main chain (besides alkyl groups, there are hydrogen atoms, which facilitates formation of hydrogen bonds).
- (c)
- To compare conclusions (a) and (b), the fragility of the silicone coating makes it more susceptible to cracking, especially under the effect of the temperature gradient. The siloxane coating, which is more susceptible to deformation, simultaneously exhibits greater flexibility and higher susceptibility to roughness changes and formation of intrusions and extrusions; hence, it does not crack. Therefore, depending on the preparation applied, the image and course of the coating destruction vary.
- (d)
- A very interesting phenomenon of secondary reorganisation of the hydrophobising coating structure caused by water movement in brick pores and capillaries caused by temperature changes was noticed. This phenomenon is highly advantageous from the point of view of the effectiveness of the hydrophobising agent formula.
- (e)
- There is no close relationship between the amount of the silica filler added and the efficiency of hydrophobisation in terms of changes in the surface hardness and absorbability of the tested samples.
- (f)
- Siliconates and small-molecule dialkyl siloxanes, which do not seal the structure and do not impair vapour and gas diffusion, form a relatively well-distributed coating in the brick structure. Dialkyl siloxane-based coatings modified with nanosilica form an excessive-density layer, which negatively affects brick absorbability. Modified methyl silicone-resin coatings exhibit an appropriate structure of polysiloxane gel, which was confirmed by its high effectiveness observed in the study.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Preparation Procedure | |||
---|---|---|---|
Series | Addition of Nanosilica Relative to the Polymer Weight (%) | Polymer Disintegration by 15-min Sonication | Immersion of the Samples in the Preparation for 15 s N-Nanopolymer S-Silicon Solution |
Series 0 | - | - | - |
Series 1 | - | - | N |
Series 1a | - | - | N—2x immersion |
Series 2 | - | × | N |
Series 2a | - | - | N—2x immersion |
Series 3 | 0.5 | × | N |
Series 4 | 1.0 | × | N |
Series 5 | 1.5 | × | N |
Series 6 | - | - | S |
Series 7 | - | × | S |
Series 8 | 0.5 | × | S |
Series 9 | 1.0 | × | S |
Series 10 | 1.5 | × | S |
Series | Hardness (HV) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Cycles | ||||||
0 | 10 | 20 | 25 | 50 | 60 | |
Series 0 | 7.77 | 6.73 | 6.70 | 6.02 | 4.27 | 3.92 |
Series 1 | 9.90 | 9.71 | 9.65 | 8.84 | 7.78 | 7.57 |
Series 1a | 10.82 | 10.71 | 10.31 | 9.16 | 7.50 | 7.17 |
Series 2 | 11.30 | 11.21 | 10.47 | 9.27 | 7.24 | 6.83 |
Series 2a | 13.03 | 12.95 | 10.86 | 9.60 | 6.10 | 5.40 |
Series 3 | 12.66 | 12.37 | 10.85 | 9.81 | 7.06 | 6.51 |
Series 4 | 12.88 | 12.53 | 10.32 | 10.24 | 7.49 | 6.94 |
Series 5 | 13.33 | 13.01 | 12.31 | 10.40 | 7.40 | 6.80 |
Series 6 | 9.62 | 9.73 | 10.63 | 9.50 | 9.38 | 9.35 |
Series 7 | 10.37 | 10.82 | 11.62 | 9.78 | 9.28 | 9.18 |
Series 8 | 11.73 | 11.94 | 12.37 | 9.79 | 7.79 | 7.39 |
Series 9 | 9.70 | 9.43 | 11.90 | 9.90 | 9.65 | 9.60 |
Series 10 | 10.05 | 10.01 | 9.55 | 8.85 | 7.60 | 7.35 |
Series | Absorbability (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Cycles | ||||||
0 | 10 | 20 | 25 | 50 | 60 | |
Series 0 | 14.12 | 14.53 | 14.93 | 15.32 | 17.27 | 17.76 |
Series 1 | 0.84 | 1.12 | 1.28 | 1.41 | 2.56 | 2.79 |
Series 1a | 4.39 | 3.72 | 2.20 | 2.07 | 2.32 | 2.36 |
Series 2 | 6.86 | 5.86 | 4.40 | 3.76 | 4.14 | 4.21 |
Series 2a | 4.62 | 1.33 | 1.20 | 1.32 | 1.92 | 2.04 |
Series 3 | 7.93 | 1.27 | 2.04 | 2.26 | 3.36 | 3.58 |
Series 4 | 9.29 | 5.74 | 5.55 | 6.06 | 8.61 | 9.12 |
Series 5 | 8.24 | 2.41 | 1.91 | 1.88 | 1.86 | 1.68 |
Series 6 | 7.21 | 4.19 | 3.87 | 4.13 | 5.43 | 5.69 |
Series 7 | 9.47 | 2.04 | 2.24 | 4.78 | 7.48 | 8.02 |
Series 8 | 9.25 | 2.17 | 1.37 | 1.81 | 4.01 | 4.45 |
Series 9 | 9.12 | 2.24 | 1.67 | 2.16 | 4.61 | 5.1 |
Series 10 | 8.95 | 2.58 | 1.95 | 2.62 | 5.97 | 6.64 |
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Fic, S.; Szewczak, A.; Barnat-Hunek, D.; Łagód, G. Processes of Fatigue Destruction in Nanopolymer-Hydrophobised Ceramic Bricks. Materials 2017, 10, 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10010044
Fic S, Szewczak A, Barnat-Hunek D, Łagód G. Processes of Fatigue Destruction in Nanopolymer-Hydrophobised Ceramic Bricks. Materials. 2017; 10(1):44. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10010044
Chicago/Turabian StyleFic, Stanisław, Andrzej Szewczak, Danuta Barnat-Hunek, and Grzegorz Łagód. 2017. "Processes of Fatigue Destruction in Nanopolymer-Hydrophobised Ceramic Bricks" Materials 10, no. 1: 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10010044
APA StyleFic, S., Szewczak, A., Barnat-Hunek, D., & Łagód, G. (2017). Processes of Fatigue Destruction in Nanopolymer-Hydrophobised Ceramic Bricks. Materials, 10(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10010044