Electrical-Based Diagnostic Techniques for Assessing Insulation Condition in Aged Transformers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Traditional Electrical Diagnostic Techniques
2.1. Breakdown Strength
- Chemical makeup of the fluid;
- Temperature;
- Amount of contamination (impurities, moisture, etc.);
- Sampling and preparation conditions;
2.2. Static Electrification and Flow Electrification
2.3. Capacitance and Dielectric Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)
- -
- contamination products such as moisture, carbon or other conducting matter, metal soaps caused by acids attacking transformer metals and oxidation byproducts; or
- -
- deterioration of the insulation system.
2.4. Ratio and Winding Resistance Measurements
2.5. Insulation Resistance, Polarisation Index and Core Ground Tests
2.6. Leakage Reactance and Magnetising Current
3. Advanced Electrical Diagnostic Techniques
3.1. Partial Discharge Detection Techniques
3.1.1. Electrical Detection of PDs
3.1.2. Acoustical and Optical Detection of PDs
3.1.3. Chemical Detection of PDs
3.2. Frequency Response Analysis
- (1)
- SFRA consisting in connecting a sinusoidal AC voltage with variable frequency (several Hz to several MHz) to each phase of the HV and the LV windings with all other windings unloaded. The input voltage (Uin) and the output voltage (Uout) are measured at different frequencies.
- (2)
- Impulse frequency response analysis (IFRA) consisting in injecting an impulse to each phase of the HV and the LV windings with all other windings unloaded. The input and output impulse curves of the windings are recorded. The time domain results are transformed into the frequency domain by using fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms. The Uin and the Uout are calculated for different frequencies.
3.3. Dielectric Response Analysis
- (1)
- Recovery voltage measurement (RVM), sometimes also called return voltage (RV) measurement;
- (2)
- Polarization and depolarisation current (PDC);
- (3)
- Frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS).
3.3.1. Polarization and Depolarization Current
3.3.2. Recovery Voltage Method
3.3.3. Frequency Domain Spectroscopy
3.3.4. PDC, RVM or FDS?
- -
- moisture determinations, as derived by the evaluation method used, were often much higher than values obtained by other methods such as Karl Fisher titration;
- -
- the recommended interpretation scheme is too simplistic;
- -
- the technique does not take into account dependencies on geometry and oil properties.
- -
- the dominant effect of moisture on most electrical properties;
- -
- the electrical properties of the oil impregnated paper and pressboard are probably more a complex function of oil and cellulose.
4. Online Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis for Power Transformers
5. Testing Suggestions/Recommendations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CIGRE | International Council of Large Electric Systems |
EDL | Electrical double layer |
ECT | Electrostatic charging tendency |
MST | Mini static tester |
BTA | Benzotriazole |
DLA | Dielectric loss angle |
DDF | Dielectric dissipation factor |
RVM | Recovery voltage measurement |
RV | Recovery voltage |
PDC | Polarization and depolarisation current |
FDS | Frequency domain spectroscopy |
DF | Dissipation factor |
DFT | Digital Fourier transformation |
PF | Power factor |
IEEE | Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers |
HV | High voltage |
LV | Low voltage |
IR | Insulation resistance |
PI | Polarization index |
FB | Frequency band |
FRA | Frequency response analysis |
FFA | Furfuraldehyde |
SFRA | Sweep frequency response analysis |
IFRA | Impulse frequency response analysis |
TF | Transfer function |
VF | Vector fitting |
OLTC | On load tap changer |
PD | Partial discharge |
PRPD | Phase resolved partial discharge pattern |
UHF | Ultra-high frequency |
IEC | International Electrotechnical Commission |
FFT | Fast Fourier transform |
HFCT | High frequency current transformer |
TTR | Transformer turn ratio |
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Components | Nature of the Defect or Fault | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Thermal (T) | Dielectric (D) | Mechanical (M) | Contamination or aging (C) | |
Bushing (B) |
|
|
|
|
Core (C) |
| - |
| - |
Driver, Tap changer (D) |
| - |
|
|
Oil (O) |
|
| - |
|
Selector (S) |
| - |
|
|
Tank and accessories (T) |
| - |
|
|
Winding, major insulation and leads (W) |
|
|
|
|
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Fofana, I.; Hadjadj, Y. Electrical-Based Diagnostic Techniques for Assessing Insulation Condition in Aged Transformers. Energies 2016, 9, 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9090679
Fofana I, Hadjadj Y. Electrical-Based Diagnostic Techniques for Assessing Insulation Condition in Aged Transformers. Energies. 2016; 9(9):679. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9090679
Chicago/Turabian StyleFofana, Issouf, and Yazid Hadjadj. 2016. "Electrical-Based Diagnostic Techniques for Assessing Insulation Condition in Aged Transformers" Energies 9, no. 9: 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9090679