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Energies
Volume 19
Issue 9
10.3390/en19092081
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Article

Effect of Isopropanol–Butanol–Ethanol (IBE) Direct Injection Strategy on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Gasoline Port Injection SI Dual-Fuel Engine

by
Huili Dou
1,2,
Yongjia Wang
1,2,
Qingwei Cao
1,2,
Zezhou Guo
1,2,*,
Guiling Liu
1,2 and
Zhengquan Xue
1,2
1
National Key Laboratory of Automotive Chassis Integration and Bionics, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
2
College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2026, 19(9), 2081; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19092081
Submission received: 30 March 2026 / Revised: 21 April 2026 / Accepted: 22 April 2026 / Published: 25 April 2026
(This article belongs to the Topic Combustion and Application of Carbon Neutral Fuel in Internal Combustion Engine)
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Abstract

Under the dual-carbon goals, adopting renewable alternative fuels in transportation is crucial. Alcohol-based fuels, produced via biomass fermentation or green electricity-powered CO2 hydrogenation, offer benefits like renewability, engine compatibility, and long driving range. Bio-butanol, with an energy density close to gasoline, can power SI engines directly, but its high production costs due to low fermentation efficiency limit its viability. In contrast, IBE (a butanol fermentation intermediate) avoids costly separation steps, making it more competitive than pure butanol. Existing research on IBE in spark ignition engines mainly focuses on fixed-ratio IBE-gasoline blends, restricting real-time fuel adjustment. Building on prior findings that IBE outperforms ABE and butanol, this study examines the combustion and emission characteristics of a gasoline port injection + IBE direct injection engine under varying direct injection timings, IBE ratios, and excess air ratios. Research indicates that early direct injection timings with pure IBE provide optimal performance at stoichiometric conditions. As the excess air ratio rises, an 80% IBE direct injection ratio becomes more advantageous. IBE shows great promise as an alternative fuel, enhancing combustion performance and reducing gaseous and particulate emissions.
Keywords: isopropanol–butanol–ethanol; direct injection strategy; gasoline; combined injection; particle emissions isopropanol–butanol–ethanol; direct injection strategy; gasoline; combined injection; particle emissions

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MDPI and ACS Style

Dou, H.; Wang, Y.; Cao, Q.; Guo, Z.; Liu, G.; Xue, Z. Effect of Isopropanol–Butanol–Ethanol (IBE) Direct Injection Strategy on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Gasoline Port Injection SI Dual-Fuel Engine. Energies 2026, 19, 2081. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19092081

AMA Style

Dou H, Wang Y, Cao Q, Guo Z, Liu G, Xue Z. Effect of Isopropanol–Butanol–Ethanol (IBE) Direct Injection Strategy on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Gasoline Port Injection SI Dual-Fuel Engine. Energies. 2026; 19(9):2081. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19092081

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dou, Huili, Yongjia Wang, Qingwei Cao, Zezhou Guo, Guiling Liu, and Zhengquan Xue. 2026. "Effect of Isopropanol–Butanol–Ethanol (IBE) Direct Injection Strategy on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Gasoline Port Injection SI Dual-Fuel Engine" Energies 19, no. 9: 2081. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19092081

APA Style

Dou, H., Wang, Y., Cao, Q., Guo, Z., Liu, G., & Xue, Z. (2026). Effect of Isopropanol–Butanol–Ethanol (IBE) Direct Injection Strategy on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Gasoline Port Injection SI Dual-Fuel Engine. Energies, 19(9), 2081. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19092081

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