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Volume 19
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10.3390/en19184400
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Article

Research on Single-Ended Protection for Multi-Terminal Flexible DC Lines Based on Line-Mode Reverse Traveling-Wave Covariance

by
Shihao Yin
1,
Xiaodong Xing
1,
Bin Zhang
1,
Shixian Hui
1,
Penglin Wang
1,
Guangtao Feng
2 and
Wei Liu
3,*
1
Yunnan Power Grid Co., Ltd., Kunming 650011, China
2
XJ Electric Co., Ltd., Xuchang 461000, China
3
School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2026, 19(18), 4400; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184400
Submission received: 5 August 2026 / Revised: 7 September 2026 / Accepted: 14 September 2026 / Published: 17 September 2026
(This article belongs to the Section F6: High Voltage)
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Abstract

Multi-terminal HVDC transmission lines contain a T-zone, where no explicit line boundary element exists. Conventional traveling-wave (TW) protection schemes mainly identify faults by utilizing the attenuation characteristics of TWs caused by transmission lines and boundary elements. Therefore, their performance is sensitive to transition resistance and sampling frequency, and they cannot be directly applied to fault identification in the T-zone. To address this issue, this paper proposes a single-ended directional protection scheme based on the normalized covariance of line-mode backward TWs. The proposed method constructs the protection criterion according to the overall waveform variation in line-mode backward TWs. It does not rely on boundary-effect-induced wave attenuation or the extraction of specific high- or low-frequency components. Fault regions are identified using only local measurements collected by the protection devices installed on both sides of the T-zone, and the fault pole is determined by the bipolar voltage ratio. A ±500 kV three-terminal MMC-based multi-terminal DC system is established in PSCAD to evaluate the proposed scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed method identifies the fault region within a 0.5 ms data window. It can tolerate transition resistances up to 300 Ω and 40 dB Gaussian white noise. The proposed scheme features fast operation, low computational complexity, and high robustness.
Keywords: multi-terminal flexible HVDC system; line-mode backward traveling wave; T-zone protection; normalized covariance; single-ended directional protection multi-terminal flexible HVDC system; line-mode backward traveling wave; T-zone protection; normalized covariance; single-ended directional protection

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MDPI and ACS Style

Yin, S.; Xing, X.; Zhang, B.; Hui, S.; Wang, P.; Feng, G.; Liu, W. Research on Single-Ended Protection for Multi-Terminal Flexible DC Lines Based on Line-Mode Reverse Traveling-Wave Covariance. Energies 2026, 19, 4400. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184400

AMA Style

Yin S, Xing X, Zhang B, Hui S, Wang P, Feng G, Liu W. Research on Single-Ended Protection for Multi-Terminal Flexible DC Lines Based on Line-Mode Reverse Traveling-Wave Covariance. Energies. 2026; 19(18):4400. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184400

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yin, Shihao, Xiaodong Xing, Bin Zhang, Shixian Hui, Penglin Wang, Guangtao Feng, and Wei Liu. 2026. "Research on Single-Ended Protection for Multi-Terminal Flexible DC Lines Based on Line-Mode Reverse Traveling-Wave Covariance" Energies 19, no. 18: 4400. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184400

APA Style

Yin, S., Xing, X., Zhang, B., Hui, S., Wang, P., Feng, G., & Liu, W. (2026). Research on Single-Ended Protection for Multi-Terminal Flexible DC Lines Based on Line-Mode Reverse Traveling-Wave Covariance. Energies, 19(18), 4400. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19184400

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