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Energies
Volume 18
Issue 23
10.3390/en18236136
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Energy Storage Configuration in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle: An Analysis on a Real Urban Mission Profile

by
Simone Cosso
1,
Alessandro Benevieri
1,
Massimiliano Passalacqua
1,
Andrea Formentini
1,
Luis Vaccaro
1,
Simon Kissling
2,
Mauro Carpita
2 and
Mario Marchesoni
1,*
1
Department of Electrical, Electronic, Tlc Engineering and Naval Architecture (DITEN), University of Genova, via all’Opera Pia 11a, 16145 Genova, Italy
2
Haute École d’Ingénierie et de Gestion du Canton de Vaud (HEIG-VD), Route de Cheseaux 1, 1400 Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6136; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236136 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 6 October 2025 / Revised: 10 November 2025 / Accepted: 19 November 2025 / Published: 23 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics in Renewable, Storage and Charging Systems)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) rely on a battery system to manage transient load demands and to recover braking energy. In recent years, hybrid topologies that also integrate supercapacitors have gained considerable attention, since they can improve system efficiency, driving dynamics, and component lifetime. Supercapacitors, thanks to their much higher power density compared to conventional batteries, are particularly promising for adoption in FCEVs. Most studies in the literature, however, evaluate these architectures under standardized homologation driving cycles. While such cycles provide a common benchmark for comparison, they generally exhibit less energy-intensive profiles and therefore do not fully capture the real operating demands of a vehicle. For this reason, the present work investigates the use of batteries and supercapacitors in FCEVs under an actual urban driving mission, where the route includes an experimentally measured altitude profile. This approach allows for a more realistic assessment of energy requirements. Furthermore, the analysis carried out in this study considers different powertrain configurations: the exclusive use of a battery, the sole use of a supercapacitor, and a hybrid combination of both systems. These scenarios are evaluated both for an FCEV that can only be refueled with hydrogen and for a plug-in hybrid version of the vehicle that can also recharge its battery from an external charging station.
Keywords: fuel cell plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (FC-PHEV); battery; supercapacitor; hybrid energy storage system (HESS) fuel cell plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (FC-PHEV); battery; supercapacitor; hybrid energy storage system (HESS)

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MDPI and ACS Style

Cosso, S.; Benevieri, A.; Passalacqua, M.; Formentini, A.; Vaccaro, L.; Kissling, S.; Carpita, M.; Marchesoni, M. Energy Storage Configuration in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle: An Analysis on a Real Urban Mission Profile. Energies 2025, 18, 6136. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236136

AMA Style

Cosso S, Benevieri A, Passalacqua M, Formentini A, Vaccaro L, Kissling S, Carpita M, Marchesoni M. Energy Storage Configuration in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle: An Analysis on a Real Urban Mission Profile. Energies. 2025; 18(23):6136. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236136

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cosso, Simone, Alessandro Benevieri, Massimiliano Passalacqua, Andrea Formentini, Luis Vaccaro, Simon Kissling, Mauro Carpita, and Mario Marchesoni. 2025. "Energy Storage Configuration in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle: An Analysis on a Real Urban Mission Profile" Energies 18, no. 23: 6136. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236136

APA Style

Cosso, S., Benevieri, A., Passalacqua, M., Formentini, A., Vaccaro, L., Kissling, S., Carpita, M., & Marchesoni, M. (2025). Energy Storage Configuration in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle: An Analysis on a Real Urban Mission Profile. Energies, 18(23), 6136. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236136

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