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Energies
Volume 18
Issue 23
10.3390/en18236115
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Adaptive Energy Management System for Green and Reliable Telecommunication Base Stations

by
Ana Cabrera-Tobar
1,*,
Greta Vallero
2,
Giovanni Perin
3,4,
Michela Meo
2,
Francesco Grimaccia
5 and
Sonia Leva
5
1
Department of Automation and Industrial Control, Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito 170143, Ecuador
2
Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Torino, Italy
3
Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
4
Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
5
Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milano, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2025, 18(23), 6115; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236115 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 14 October 2025 / Revised: 10 November 2025 / Accepted: 19 November 2025 / Published: 22 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control Strategies for Photovoltaic Energy Systems)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Telecommunication Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) require a resilient and sustainable power supply to ensure uninterrupted operation, particularly during grid outages. Thus, this paper proposes an Adaptive Model Predictive Control (AMPC)-based Energy Management System (EMS) designed to optimize energy dispatch and demand response for a BTS powered by a renewable-based microgrid. The EMS operates under two distinct scenarios: (a) non-grid outages, where the objective is to minimize grid consumption, and (b) outage management, aiming to maximize BTS operational time during grid failures. The system incorporates a dynamic weighting mechanism in the objective function, which adjusts based on real-time power production, consumption, battery state of charge, grid availability, and load satisfaction. Additionally, a demand response strategy is implemented, allowing the BTS to adapt its power consumption according to energy availability. The proposed EMS is evaluated based on BTS loss of transmitted data under different renewable energy profiles. Under normal operation, the EMS is assessed regarding grid energy consumption. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed AMPC-based EMS enhances BTS resilience.
Keywords: resilience; grid outage; energy management system; telecommunication network; model predictive control resilience; grid outage; energy management system; telecommunication network; model predictive control

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MDPI and ACS Style

Cabrera-Tobar, A.; Vallero, G.; Perin, G.; Meo, M.; Grimaccia, F.; Leva, S. Adaptive Energy Management System for Green and Reliable Telecommunication Base Stations. Energies 2025, 18, 6115. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236115

AMA Style

Cabrera-Tobar A, Vallero G, Perin G, Meo M, Grimaccia F, Leva S. Adaptive Energy Management System for Green and Reliable Telecommunication Base Stations. Energies. 2025; 18(23):6115. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236115

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cabrera-Tobar, Ana, Greta Vallero, Giovanni Perin, Michela Meo, Francesco Grimaccia, and Sonia Leva. 2025. "Adaptive Energy Management System for Green and Reliable Telecommunication Base Stations" Energies 18, no. 23: 6115. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236115

APA Style

Cabrera-Tobar, A., Vallero, G., Perin, G., Meo, M., Grimaccia, F., & Leva, S. (2025). Adaptive Energy Management System for Green and Reliable Telecommunication Base Stations. Energies, 18(23), 6115. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236115

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