A Graphical Tool for Predicting Class EF Inverter Behavior Including Non-Ideal Load Conditions

Daire, Baptiste; Martin, Christian; Sixdenier, Fabien; Joubert, Charles; Pace, Loris

doi:10.3390/en18205409

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Open AccessArticle

A Graphical Tool for Predicting Class EF Inverter Behavior Including Non-Ideal Load Conditions

by

Baptiste Daire

,

Christian Martin

^*

,

Fabien Sixdenier

,

Charles Joubert

and

Loris Pace

Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ampère, UMR5005, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, CNRS, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Energies 2025, 18(20), 5409; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205409

Submission received: 17 September 2025 / Revised: 4 October 2025 / Accepted: 8 October 2025 / Published: 14 October 2025

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Power System Planning and Scheduling)

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Abstract

This paper presents a novel analytical framework for the design and understanding of class EF inverters under both optimal and non-optimal load conditions. Unlike conventional approaches that rely heavily on numerical simulations, the proposed method provides a fast, visual, and intuitive tool for analyzing inverter operation. Its effectiveness is demonstrated experimentally on a 15 MHz class EF inverter across three distinct load conditions, showing good agreement with theoretical predictions. To highlight the robustness and broad applicability of the approach, a class

Φ_{2}

inverter—a lumped-element analog of the class EF inverter—is also implemented and successfully analyzed. By combining theoretical insight, experimental validation, and generalization to alternative topologies, the proposed framework offers an efficient, accessible, and versatile tool for high-frequency resonant inverter design.

Keywords: VHF power conversion; resonant converter; class EF amplifier; class Φ₂ inverter; ZVS/ZdVS converter; transmission line

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MDPI and ACS Style

Daire, B.; Martin, C.; Sixdenier, F.; Joubert, C.; Pace, L. A Graphical Tool for Predicting Class EF Inverter Behavior Including Non-Ideal Load Conditions. Energies 2025, 18, 5409. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205409

AMA Style

Daire B, Martin C, Sixdenier F, Joubert C, Pace L. A Graphical Tool for Predicting Class EF Inverter Behavior Including Non-Ideal Load Conditions. Energies. 2025; 18(20):5409. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205409

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daire, Baptiste, Christian Martin, Fabien Sixdenier, Charles Joubert, and Loris Pace. 2025. "A Graphical Tool for Predicting Class EF Inverter Behavior Including Non-Ideal Load Conditions" Energies 18, no. 20: 5409. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205409

APA Style

Daire, B., Martin, C., Sixdenier, F., Joubert, C., & Pace, L. (2025). A Graphical Tool for Predicting Class EF Inverter Behavior Including Non-Ideal Load Conditions. Energies, 18(20), 5409. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205409

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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A Graphical Tool for Predicting Class EF Inverter Behavior Including Non-Ideal Load Conditions

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