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Energies
Volume 18
Issue 17
10.3390/en18174590
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Stability Analysis and Enhanced Control of Wind Turbine Generators Based on Hybrid GFL-GFM Control

by
Sijia Huang
,
Zhenbin Zhang
*,
Zhihao Chen
,
Huimin Huang
and
Zhen Li
School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2025, 18(17), 4590; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174590
Submission received: 20 July 2025 / Revised: 11 August 2025 / Accepted: 27 August 2025 / Published: 29 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wind Turbine Optimization and Control)
Versions Notes

Abstract

With the proliferation of wind power generation, the receiving end grids exhibit unprecedented dynamic characteristics, imposing critical stability challenges on grid-connected wind turbine’s converter. To address this, wind turbine converter control strategies have evolved beyond traditional grid-following (GFL) methods to include grid-forming (GFM), mode-switching, and hybrid GFL-GFM controls. This paper establishes a small-signal model for hybrid GFL-GFM-controlled wind turbines to analyze stability at varying grid strengths, guiding the selection of coefficients in hybrid mode. Simulation tests validate the theoretical framework.
Keywords: grid-following; grid-forming; sequence impedance modeling; small-signal stability grid-following; grid-forming; sequence impedance modeling; small-signal stability

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Huang, S.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, Z.; Huang, H.; Li, Z. Stability Analysis and Enhanced Control of Wind Turbine Generators Based on Hybrid GFL-GFM Control. Energies 2025, 18, 4590. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174590

AMA Style

Huang S, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Huang H, Li Z. Stability Analysis and Enhanced Control of Wind Turbine Generators Based on Hybrid GFL-GFM Control. Energies. 2025; 18(17):4590. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174590

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huang, Sijia, Zhenbin Zhang, Zhihao Chen, Huimin Huang, and Zhen Li. 2025. "Stability Analysis and Enhanced Control of Wind Turbine Generators Based on Hybrid GFL-GFM Control" Energies 18, no. 17: 4590. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174590

APA Style

Huang, S., Zhang, Z., Chen, Z., Huang, H., & Li, Z. (2025). Stability Analysis and Enhanced Control of Wind Turbine Generators Based on Hybrid GFL-GFM Control. Energies, 18(17), 4590. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174590

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