The “Smart” Concept from an Electrical Sustainability Viewpoint
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Overview of the “Smart” Concept
2.1. Sensors
2.2. Communications Infrastructure
2.3. Decision Making
2.4. Power Usage and the Smartification
3. Hierarchical Application of Smart Technologies
3.1. Smart Devices
3.2. Smart Homes
3.3. Smart Buildings
- Smart energy management
- Comfort of the inhabitants
- Response to natural disasters
- Waste treatment
- Sustainability
3.4. Smart Cities
3.5. Smart Grids
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AC | Alternating Current |
AI | Artificial Intelligence |
AmI | Ambient Intelligence |
AMI | Advanced Metering Infrastructure |
BEM | Building Energy Modeling |
BIM | Building Information Modeling |
ERP | Enterprise Resource Planning |
HES | Head End System |
IoT | Internet of Things |
IEC | International Electrotechnical Commission |
ISO | International Organization for Standardization |
KDD | Knowledge Discovery in Databases |
M2M | machine-to-machine |
MES | Manufacturing Execution and System |
PV | Photovoltaic |
UN | United Nations |
V2G | Vehicle to Grid |
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Classification | Approach | Supporting References |
---|---|---|
IoT | Information and communication technologies | [27,46,77] |
to enhance the quality and efficiency of | [52,75] | |
services and resources. | [43,76] | |
Infrastructure | Intended to facilitate mobility, | [34,57] |
improve energy efficiency and conservation, | ||
air and water quality, and data sharing. | ||
Data, processing, storage | Information gathering, processing, big data | [40,51] |
Minimize problems | Minimize energy consumption and waste, | [46] |
through resource optimization | ||
Life quality and services | Satisfying the needs and security of | [9,48,78] |
citizens, improve comfort | ||
Energy storage | Manage the collection of energy from renewable | [25,27,79] |
energy sources, supply clean electricity products | [80,81] | |
Efficiency | Adopt innovative technologies for energy optimization | [27,34] |
[51,82] | ||
Sustainability | Optimizing energy consumption and managing | [13,79,82] |
its generation, prioritizing alternative sources | [27,83,84] | |
[85,86,87] |
Classification | Approach | References |
---|---|---|
Alternative energy sources | Aimed to reduce CO2 emissions and transmission losses | [5,88,89] |
[54,75,91] | ||
Bi-directionality | Network users are both producers and consumers of energy | [75,91,92] |
Instrumentation | Allow monitoring and management of the energy flow, to prevent | [37,93,94] |
or promptly correct any inconvenience that may arise | ||
Security | Prevent accidents and ensure power quality | [95,96] |
Decision-making | Control systems must be able to act based on real-time data, | [91,94] |
forecasted scenarios, expected objectives, and sudden variations |
Approaches | Opportunities Areas | References |
---|---|---|
Human behavior | - The interest of society toward a sustainable future | [79,85] |
- Consumption habits and active users | [2] | |
- Public policies such as recycling | [3] | |
Alternatives power generators | - Power quality | [26,58,101] |
- Infrastructure | [55,95,103] | |
- Supply in low-generation situations | [81,104] | |
- Management of the generated energy | [54,99] | |
- Storage energy (batteries) | [95,100] | |
Electric vehicles | - In-vehicle energy storage | [9] |
- Ultra-fast charging system | [39] | |
- Infrastructure of the electrical network | [98] | |
- Data management in real-time | [102] | |
- Decision-making systems | [105] | |
Cybersecurity | - Data protection during transfer | [65,89] |
- Data protection in the storage system | [49] | |
- Point-to-point protection between devices | [106] |
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Llanez-Caballero, I.; Ibarra, L.; Peña-Quintal, A.; Catzín-Contreras, G.; Ponce, P.; Molina, A.; Ramirez-Mendoza, R. The “Smart” Concept from an Electrical Sustainability Viewpoint. Energies 2023, 16, 3072. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073072
Llanez-Caballero I, Ibarra L, Peña-Quintal A, Catzín-Contreras G, Ponce P, Molina A, Ramirez-Mendoza R. The “Smart” Concept from an Electrical Sustainability Viewpoint. Energies. 2023; 16(7):3072. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073072
Chicago/Turabian StyleLlanez-Caballero, Ignacio, Luis Ibarra, Angel Peña-Quintal, Glendy Catzín-Contreras, Pedro Ponce, Arturo Molina, and Ricardo Ramirez-Mendoza. 2023. "The “Smart” Concept from an Electrical Sustainability Viewpoint" Energies 16, no. 7: 3072. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16073072