Review and Analysis of Models for a European Digital Building Logbook
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
- Identification of initiatives on Digital Building Logbooks and selection of models depending on their scope (European scale), ambition level and maturity of the proposal.
- Identification and study of the key aspects in the definition of the DBL model. The following parameters are used to identify the key aspect:
- References used as a starting point for the model definition.
- Identification of the relevant stakeholders in the DBL.
- Identified potential user needs.
- Proposed structure.
- Data sources.
- Potential functionalities.
- Operation and use.
- Comparison of the models.
3. Selection of European Digital Building Logbook Models
3.1. iBRoad—Individual Building (Renovation) Roadmaps
3.2. ALDREN Project—Alliance for Deep RENovation in Buildings
3.3. X-Tendo Project—eXTENDing the Energy Performance Assessment and Certification Schemes via a mOdular Approach
3.4. Study on the Development of a European Union Framework for Buildings’ Digital Logbook
4. Comparison of the DBL Initiatives
4.1. References Used as a Starting Point for the Model Definition
4.2. Identification of the Relevant Stakeholders in the DBL
4.3. Identified Potential User Needs
- A round table with eight participants, lasting 90 min.
- Interviews with three public authorities’ members.
- Around 500 targeted surveys with potential users.
- “If you decided to buy or rent a property, how important would it be that a document or folder with all the building-related documents (dwelling’s condition, maintenance activities etc.) is present for the property?”
- “Did you receive a folder or document with all the building-related documents (dwelling’s condition, maintenance activities etc.) when you bought the property or started renting it?” The answers were classified according to building types, tenure status and renovation status.
- What information would they like to find in the logbook? (Table 5)
4.4. Proposed Structure
4.5. Data Sources
4.6. Potential Functionalities
4.7. Operation and Use
- Through an initial load, the building-related information is inserted from existing databases. In this process, the data is sent by the external entities in text format and is later inserted into the chosen database.
- Some information is inserted during the lifecycle of the building manually by authenticated users, such as the homeowner or energy auditors.
- Finally, some information from third parties is necessary for the implementation of the solution, such as users’ authentication/validation information or some building-related data [31].
- First interview between the auditor and the homeowner and selection of the modules for the logbook (the selection of the modules depends on the needs and investment).
- Building inspection carried out by the auditor, survey with the owner and collection of all documentation.
- Calculation, by the auditor, of the selected modules and integration of the indicators.
- The DBL as a database with physical storage.
- The DBL as a digital gateway to information.
- Hybrid versions.
- Technical requirements to allow the linkage of databases.
- Data properties.
- Creation of new market opportunities.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Indicator | iBRoad-Log | ALDREN BuildLog | X-Tendo Logbook | Study EU DBL |
---|---|---|---|---|
DBL Author | X | X | ||
DBL Last update | X | X | ||
Building ID/name—national code (cadasters) | X | X | X | X |
Building ID—Inspire ID | X | |||
Building ID—energy suppliers ID (energy delivery point) | X | |||
Property ID (legal/ fiscal registration) | X | X | X | X |
Ownership type | X | X | ||
Building use/type (according to the use license) | X | X | X | |
Building category | X | |||
Building user information | X | |||
Year of construction | X | X | X | |
Year of renovation | X | |||
Address data | X | X | X | X |
Climate data (zone) | X | X | X | X |
Heating degree days | X | X | ||
Cooling degree days | X | |||
Norm outdoor temperature | X | |||
Geo Coordinates | X | X | ||
Orientation | X | |||
Altitude | X | |||
Soil/terrain | X | X | ||
Historical context | X | |||
Building surroundings | X | |||
Floor area | X | X | X | |
Heated/cooled floor area | X | X | ||
Heated/cooled volume | X | X | ||
Number of floors | X | X | X | |
Number of occupants | X | X | ||
User profile/behavioral insights | X | X | X | |
Indoor temperature | X | |||
Shape factor A/V | X | |||
Physical accessibility | X | X | ||
Building general features | X | |||
Unit general features | X | |||
Number of bedrooms | X | |||
Number of offices | X | |||
Number of workstations | X | |||
Number of floors | ||||
Area of corridors | X | |||
Area of conference | X | |||
Area of banquet/common areas | X | |||
Area of office space room | X | |||
Area of working space | X | |||
Area of common restrooms | X | |||
Area of sports spaces | X | |||
Urban licenses | X | X | X | |
Design and plans | X | X | X | |
Photographs | X | |||
Building information modeling BIM | X | X | ||
Inspections information | X | |||
Conservation Status | X | |||
Expected lifetime | X | X | ||
Tenancy agreement | X | X | ||
Insurance documents | X | X | ||
Safety manual | X | X | ||
Fire safety plan | X | |||
Maintenance log | X | X | X | |
Utilities contract | X | X | ||
Maintenance service contract | X | X | X | |
Energy and Construction market (industries involved) | X |
Indicator | iBroad-Log | ALDREN BuildLog | X-Tendo Logbook | Study EU DBL |
---|---|---|---|---|
Building envelope construction: | X | |||
Whole building solar absorption (g. A) | X | |||
Yie-value periodic thermal transmittance | X | |||
Airtightness | X | |||
Facades: | X | X | ||
External wall furniture | X | |||
External wall main structure | X | |||
Surface area | X | |||
U-value | X | X | X | |
Insulation (Y/N) | X | |||
Thickness of insulation | X | X | ||
Insulation type | X | |||
Insulation thermal conductivity | X | |||
Layer material (for n layers) | X | |||
Layer thermal conductivity (for n layers) | X | |||
Layer thickness (for n layers) | X | |||
Windows: | X | X | ||
External windows opening | X | |||
U-value (frame/glazing) | X | X | X | |
Glazed facade | X | |||
Windows orientation | X | |||
Surface area | X | |||
Frame factor | X | |||
Multiple glazed percentage | X | |||
g-value | X | |||
Facade protection elements/sheltered sides | X | X | ||
Shutters and solar protection | X | X | ||
Factor for ambient on back side | X | |||
Floors: | X | |||
Number of heated floors | X | |||
Surface area | X | |||
U-value | X | X | X | |
Structure slab | X | |||
Thickness of insulation | X | |||
Insulation type | X | |||
Insulation thermal conductivity | X | |||
Layer material (for n layers) | X | |||
Layer thermal conductivity (for n layers) | X | |||
Layer thickness (for n layers) | X | |||
Roofs: | X | X | ||
Roof covering | X | |||
Surface area | X | |||
U-value | X | X | X | |
Roof main structure | X | |||
Thickness of insulation | X | |||
Insulation type | X | |||
Insulation thermal conductivity | X | |||
Layer material (for n layers) | X | |||
Layer thermal conductivity (for n layers) | X | |||
Layer thickness (for n layers) | X | |||
Doors | X | X | ||
Thermal bridges (U-value) | X | X | ||
Material inventory: | ||||
Material X—type | X | X | ||
Material X—location | X | X | ||
Material X—volume | X | X | ||
Material X—weight | X | X | ||
Material X—embodied carbon | X | X | ||
Material X—life span | X | X | ||
Material X—fire resistance class | X | X | ||
Material X—waste category | X | X | ||
Material X—certificate | X | X | ||
Material X—chemical declaration | X | X | ||
Material X—Global Trade Item Number | X | X |
Indicator | iBRoad-Log | ALDREN BuildLog | X-Tendo Logbook | Study EU DBL |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary energy conversion factor for energy carrier | X | |||
Appliances | X | |||
Heating system: | X | |||
Type of heating system | X | X | X | |
Number of units installed | X | |||
Generator X | X | X | ||
Average efficiency rate of generation at X | X | X | ||
Brand name | X | |||
Energy label | X | |||
Age | X | X | ||
Date of installation | X | |||
Last inspection | X | |||
Power: | X | |||
Nominal electrical power | X | |||
Nominal thermal power | X | |||
Energy source | X | X | ||
Heat generation | X | |||
Net energy for space heating | X | |||
Heat supply temperature | X | |||
Certificate/warranty | X | |||
Manual | X | |||
Operational thermal efficiency of the space heating system | X | |||
Cooling system: | X | |||
Type of cooling system | X | X | ||
Number of units installed | X | |||
Average efficiency rate of cooling system at X | X | X | ||
Brand name | X | |||
Energy label | X | |||
Age | X | |||
Date of installation | X | |||
Last inspection | X | |||
Power: | X | |||
Nominal electrical power | X | |||
Nominal thermal power | X | |||
Fuel type | X | X | ||
Storage | X | |||
Certificate/warranty | X | |||
Manual | X | |||
Domestic hot water system (DHW): | X | X | ||
Number of boilers | X | |||
Boiler X | X | |||
Tank size X | X | X | ||
Tank age X | X | |||
Fuel type | X | X | ||
System efficiency | X | |||
Service present | X | |||
Manual | X | |||
Certificate/warranty | X | |||
Primary pipework insulation present | X | |||
Ventilation system: | X | |||
Typology of ventilation system | X | X | X | |
Average efficiency rate of ventilation system | X | X | ||
Filter type/class | X | |||
Airflow control at room level | X | |||
Heat recovery efficiency | X | |||
Operational thermal efficiency of the heat recovery unit | X | |||
Temperature of ventilation return air | X | |||
Temperature of ventilation supply air | X | |||
Ventilation airflow rate | X | |||
Ventilation rate | X | |||
Date of installation | X | |||
Last inspection | X | |||
Certificate/warranty | X | |||
Manual | X | |||
Equivalent solar area/net heated area ratio: | X | |||
Installed capacity | X | |||
Exported energy | X | |||
Date of installation | X | |||
Last inspection | X | |||
Certificate/warranty | X | |||
Manual | X | |||
Lighting system: | X | X | ||
Lighting is considered (Y/N) | X | |||
Number of CFL lamps | X | X | ||
Number of halogen lamps | X | X | ||
Number of LED lamps | X | X | ||
Number of other lamps | X | X | ||
Total power | X | |||
Lighting system efficiency | X | |||
Transport system: | ||||
Considered (Y/N) | X | |||
Efficiency | X | |||
Building automation and controls (BAC) | X | |||
Sewer system | X | |||
Rainwater drainage | X | |||
District heating access | X | X | ||
Renewable energy: | X | X | ||
Reporting information regarding energy generation | X | X | ||
Storage of locally generated energy | X | X | ||
Optimizing self-consumption of locally generated energy | X | |||
CHP control | X | |||
Metering system information: | X | |||
Control system for heating and cooling | X | X | ||
Emission control for TABS | X | X | ||
Control of distribution heat temperature | X | |||
Control of distribution pumps in network | X | |||
Intermittent control of emission and/or distribution | X | |||
Storage and shifting of thermal energy: | ||||
Heating system | X | X | ||
Cooling system | X | |||
Control of DHW storage charging | X | |||
Heat generator control for combustion and district heating | X | |||
Interaction between TBS and/or BACS | X | |||
Smart information: | ||||
EV Charging points (Y/N) | X | X | X | |
EV Charging points features | X | X | X | |
EV Charging grid balancing | X | |||
SRI Smart Readiness Indicator | X | X | X | |
Smart district indicators | X | X | X | |
Smart grid integration | X | |||
Demand response potential | X | X | ||
Other smart indicators | X |
Indicator | iBRoad-Log | ALDREN BuildLog | X-Tendo Logbook | Study EU DBL |
---|---|---|---|---|
EPC general information: | ||||
Expert name | X | |||
Expert ID | X | |||
Type of EPC | X | |||
EPC Number | X | |||
Energy label | X | X | X | |
Issue date | X | |||
Term date | X | |||
Photograph report | X | |||
EPC support documentation | X | |||
Audit general information: | ||||
Expert name | X | |||
Professional order | X | |||
Audit date | X | |||
Energy label | X | |||
Photograph report | X | |||
Energy audit support documentation | X | |||
Global primary energy demand (renewable/not renewable) | X | |||
Energy needs for cooling | X | |||
Energy needs for heating | X | |||
Primary energy demand by use: | ||||
Cooling (renewable/not renewable) | X | X | ||
Heating (renewable/not renewable) | X | X | ||
DHW (renewable/not renewable) | X | X | ||
Lighting (renewable/not renewable) | X | X | ||
Mechanical ventilation (renewable/not renewable) | X | X | ||
Transport (renewable/not renewable) | X | |||
Primary energy use by end-use | X | |||
Energy consumption by use: | X | |||
Heating (estimated/measured/dynamic/calculated) | X | X | ||
Electricity (estimated/measured/dynamic/calculated) | X | X | ||
Hot water (estimated/measured) | X | X | ||
Useful energy demand by use: | ||||
Electricity | X | |||
Heating | X | |||
Domestic hot water | X | |||
Cooling | X | |||
Lighting | X | |||
Mechanical ventilation | X | |||
List of energy suppliers | X | |||
Tailored renovation recommendations | X | X | X | |
Climate resilience potential | X | X | ||
Solar potential | X | X | ||
Renewable energy production | X | X | X | |
Annual calculated production (equivalent solar area) | X | |||
Annual measured production (equivalent solar area) | X | |||
Renewable energy consumption | X | |||
Energy delivered for space cooling by energy carrier | X | X | ||
Energy delivered for other purposes (excl. Non-EPC uses) by energy carrier | X | X | ||
Percentage from the total heat generation | X | |||
Global CO2 emission | X | |||
Estimated carbon emission use | X | |||
Comfort level | X | |||
Outdoor air quality | X | |||
Particular matter (2.5, 10) | X | |||
Radon | X | |||
Asbestos | X |
Indicator | iBRoad-Log | ALDREN BuildLog | X-Tendo Logbook | Study EU DBL |
---|---|---|---|---|
Annual rent/property tax | X | X | ||
Governmental taxes and incentives | X | |||
Financial programs | X | |||
Property value | X | X | X | |
Valuation date | X | X | ||
Valuation method | X | X | ||
Valuation author | X | X | ||
Valuation document | X | X | ||
Property yield | X | X | ||
Annual maintenance costs | X | X | ||
Annual electricity cost | X | X | ||
Annual water cost | X | X | ||
Annual heating cost | X | |||
Annual gas cost | X | |||
Other costs | X | |||
Building costs | X |
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- Gómez-Gil, M.; López-Mesa, B.; Espinosa-Fernández, A. Diseño conceptual del Digital Building Logbook para garantizar su capacidad de evaluación del progreso de la actividad rehabilitadora en el parque residencial. Jorn. Jóvenes Investig. del I3A 2021, 9, 1–2. Available online: https://papiro.unizar.es/ojs/index.php/jji3a/article/view/6009 (accessed on 25 February 2022).
Country/Region | Initiative | Responsible Agency |
---|---|---|
Flanders, Belgium | Woningpas | Flemish Energy Agency, Flemish Government |
Denmark | Bedrebolig | Danish Energy Agency |
Finland | Real estate service manual | Finnish Government |
Sweden | BASTA Logbook | BASTA non-profit company |
Sweden | Produktkollen | Produktkollen AB |
Sweden | Min Villa | Villaagarnas Riksforbund |
Belgium | Dossier d’intervention ultérieure | Belgian Federal Government |
The Netherlands | Madaster | Madaster Foundation |
The Netherlands | Opleverdossier | Dutch Government |
Germany | Eigenheim Manager | Eigenheim Manager |
Germany | Hausakte | German Government |
Germany | Gëbaudepass | German Government |
Germany | QDF Hausakte | Bundesverband Deutscher Fertigbau e.V. |
United Kingdom | CISBE TM 31 | Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers |
Scotland | Home report | Scottish Government |
Iceland | Property Register | Registers Iceland |
Switzerland | Federal Register | Federal Statistical Office (FSO) |
Italy | Fascicolo del Fabbricato | Regional Government based on national requirement |
Portugal | Livro de obra | Portuguese Government |
Spain | Libro del Edificio | Regional Government based on national requirement |
USA | Arc platform | USGBC and GBCI |
Greece | Electronic Building ID | Greek Government |
Project/Study Title | Acronym | Duration | Target |
---|---|---|---|
Individual Building (Renovation) Roadmaps | iBRoad | June 2017–December 2020 | Single-family houses |
Alliance for Deep RENovation in Buildings | ALDREN | November 2017–September 2020 | Non-residential buildings (mainly hotels and offices) |
eXTENDing the energy performance assessment and certification schemes via a mOdular approach | X-tendo | September 2019–August 2022 | Entire building stock |
Study on the Development of a European Union Framework for Buildings’ Digital Logbook | - | 2020 | Entire building stock |
Reference | iBRoad-Log | ALDREN BuildLog | X-Tendo Logbook | Study EU DBL |
---|---|---|---|---|
EPC models/registers | X | X | X | |
BRP/DBL initiatives | X | X | X | X |
Other certification schemes | X | |||
Existing databases on buildings | X | |||
EU projects outcomes | X | X | ||
Surveys with stakeholders | X | X | X | |
Interviews with experts | X | X |
Stakeholder | iBRoad-Log | ALDREN BuildLog | X-Tendo Logbook | Study EU DBL |
---|---|---|---|---|
Owner/users of the building | X | X | X | X |
Tenants/occupants | X | X | X | |
Architects/designers | X | X | ||
Experts/auditors | X | X | X | |
Developers | X | |||
Research and Academia | X | X | ||
NGOs and think tanks | X | |||
Media | X | |||
Financial and legal services | X | X | X | X |
Insurance companies | X | |||
Public authorities | X | X | X | X |
Neighborhood associations | X | |||
Consumers Association | X | |||
Building Association | X | |||
Energy sector—business | X | X | ||
Energy sector—engineers | X | X | ||
Construction contractors | X | X | X | |
Demolition contractors | X | |||
Investors | X | X | ||
Material suppliers | X | |||
Facility and building managers | X | |||
Real estate agents/valuers | X | X |
Topic | iBRoad-Log | X-Tendo Logbook | Study EU DBL * |
---|---|---|---|
Building’s features/description | 54% | - | 87% |
Ownership information | - | - | 54% |
Information on occupancy | - | - | 41% |
Basic information about the house | 52% | - | - |
Building material inventory | - | - | 75% |
Technical specifications of walls, windows, insulation, etc. | 51% | 65% | - |
Condition of walls and roof | - | 71% | - |
Energy renovations completed | 49% | 54% | - |
Designs and plans on building interventions | - | - | 72% |
Information on renovation potential | - | - | 53% |
Energy use, water consumption and energy bills | 47% | - | 65% |
Energy Performance Certificate | 47% | - | 76% |
Other ratings and certifications | - | - | 43% |
Building plans | 45% | 40% | 72% |
Designs and plans of the main surroundings and land | - | - | 22% |
3D/BIM models of the building and its system | - | - | 63% |
Specifications and designs of heating system and other equipment | 43% | - | 82% |
Age of equipment (e.g., boiler, oven, radiators) | - | 61% | - |
Service life of installed equipment | - | 51% | - |
Results from an energy audit | 38% | - | - |
Smart readiness indicator | - | - | 39% |
Dynamic data (smart meters, sensors, etc.) | 49% | ||
Inspection and maintenance reports | 38% | - | - |
Information about property tax | 37% | - | - |
Contractors’ details | 25% | - | - |
A summary of the renovation roadmap | 21% | - | - |
Information about financing for energy-efficient renovations | 17% | - | - |
Construction company/contractor used for previous renovations | - | 21% | - |
Taxation information | - | - | 20% |
Financial, legal and insurance documents | - | 35% | 30% |
Cost information—material, products, equipment, etc. | - | - | 18% |
Category | iBRoad-Log | ALDREN BuildLog | X-Tendo Logbook | Study EU DBL | Total Times Considered |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
General and administrative information | 19 (26%) | 25 (33%) | 32 (16%) | 29 (35%) | 105 |
Construction information and materials | 6 (8%) | 16 (21%) | 49 (24%) | 19 (23%) | 90 |
Building technical systems and smart readiness | 17 (23%) | 35 (45%) | 79 (38%) | 14 (17%) | 145 |
Energy performance, operation and use | 28 (39%) | 1 (1%) | 34 (16%) | 8 (10%) | 71 |
Finance | 3 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 12 (6%) | 12 (15%) | 27 |
Total | 73 (100%) | 77 (100%) | 206 (100%) | 82 (100%) | 438 |
Data Source | iBRoad-Log | ALDREN BuildLog | X-Tendo Logbook | Study EU DBL |
---|---|---|---|---|
Public authorities | X | X | X | |
Energy sector | X | |||
Financial services | X | X | X | |
Construction industry | X | X | X | |
Research and academia | X | |||
Building users | X | X | X | |
Real estate market | X | X | ||
Utility companies | X | X | X | |
Third-party service providers | X | X | ||
Qualified experts/auditors | X | X | X | |
Consumers association | X | |||
Other national associations | X | |||
Existing databases | X | X | X | |
ICT Technologies | X | X | X | |
Smart Readiness Indicator | X | |||
Material passports | X |
Functionality | iBRoad-Log | ALDREN BuildLog | X-Tendo Logbook | Study EU DBL |
---|---|---|---|---|
Repository and checklist of building data | X | X | X | X |
Operation and maintenance plan | X | X | X | |
Energy performance assessment | X | X | X | X |
Health and well-being assessment | X | X | ||
Building analysis and status | X | X | X | |
Alerts and reminders | X | X | ||
Link to the renovation roadmap | X | X | X | X |
Link to external databases | X | X | X | X |
Smart readiness assessment | X | X | X | X |
Lifecycle costing | X | |||
Comparison with similar buildings | X | X | ||
Integration with BIM/3D models | X | X | X | |
Link to financial incentives | X | X | ||
Best practices repository | X | |||
Traceability of building materials | X | X | ||
Bringing together building sector stakeholders | X | X | X | |
Improved overview of the building stock (benchmarks) | X | X | ||
Construction project management tools | X | |||
RES potential (benchmarks) | X |
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Gómez-Gil, M.; Espinosa-Fernández, A.; López-Mesa, B. Review and Analysis of Models for a European Digital Building Logbook. Energies 2022, 15, 1994. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15061994
Gómez-Gil M, Espinosa-Fernández A, López-Mesa B. Review and Analysis of Models for a European Digital Building Logbook. Energies. 2022; 15(6):1994. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15061994
Chicago/Turabian StyleGómez-Gil, Marta, Almudena Espinosa-Fernández, and Belinda López-Mesa. 2022. "Review and Analysis of Models for a European Digital Building Logbook" Energies 15, no. 6: 1994. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15061994