Battery-Supercapacitor Energy Storage Systems for Electrical Vehicles: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Batteries for Electrified Vehicles
2.1. Lead-Acid Batteries
2.2. Nickel-Based Batteries
2.3. Lithium Batteries
3. Supercapacitors for Electrified Vehicles
3.1. Electric Double-Layer Capacitors
3.2. Pseudocapacitors
3.3. Hybrid Capacitors
4. Hybrid Energy Storage Systems
4.1. Battery–SC HESS Topologies
4.2. Energy Management
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Grujic, I.; Dorić, J.; Stojanovic, N.; Abdullah, O.I.; Grujić, I.; Stojanović, N. Numerical Analysis of Hydrogen Fueled IC Engine. 2019. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337898468 (accessed on 15 June 2022).
- Ellabban, O.; Abu-Rub, H.; Blaabjerg, F. Renewable energy resources: Current status, future prospects and their enabling technology. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 39, 748–764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olabi, A.G.; Abdelkareem, M.A. Renewable energy and climate change. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2022, 158, 112111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zoldy, M.; Csete, M.S.; Kolozsi, P.P.; Bordas, P.; Torok, A. Cognitive Sustainability. Cogn. Sustain. 2022, 1, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lelieveld, J.; Klingmüller, K.; Pozzer, A.; Burnett, R.T.; Haines, A.; Ramanathan, V. Effects of fossil fuel and total anthropogenic emission removal on public health and climate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2019, 116, 7192–7197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sanguesa, J.A.; Torres-Sanz, V.; Garrido, P.; Martinez, F.J.; Marquez-Barja, J.M. A Review on Electric Vehicles: Technologies and Challenges. Smart Cities 2021, 4, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kachhwaha, A.; Rashed, G.I.; Garg, A.R.; Mahela, O.P.; Khan, B.; Shafik, M.B.; Hussien, M.G. Design and Performance Analysis of Hybrid Battery and Ultracapacitor Energy Storage System for Electrical Vehicle Active Power Management. Sustainability 2022, 14, 776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kouchachvili, L.; Yaïci, W.; Entchev, E. Hybrid battery/supercapacitor energy storage system for the electric vehicles. J. Power Sources 2018, 374, 237–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burke, A.F. Batteries and Ultracapacitors for Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles. Proc. IEEE 2007, 95, 806–820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, H.; Tarsitano, D.; Hu, X.; Cheli, F. Real time energy management strategy for a fast charging electric urban bus powered by hybrid energy storage system. Energy 2016, 112, 322–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wieczorek, M.; Lewandowski, M.; Jefimowski, W. Cost comparison of different configurations of a hybrid energy storage system with battery-only and supercapacitor-only storage in an electric city bus. Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci. 2019, 67, 1095–1106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hannan, M.A.; Hoque, M.M.; Mohamed, A.; Ayob, A. Review of energy storage systems for electric vehicle applications: Issues and challenges. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 69, 771–789. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, Z.; Li, J.; Han, X.; Xu, L.; Lu, L.; Ouyang, M.; Hofmann, H. Multi-objective optimization of a semi-active battery/supercapacitor energy storage system for electric vehicles. Appl. Energy 2014, 135, 212–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadeq, T.; Wai, C.K.; Morris, E.; Tarboosh, Q.A.; Aydogdu, O. Optimal Control Strategy to Maximize the Performance of Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicle Considering Topography Information. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 216994–217007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuperman, A.; Aharon, I. Battery–ultracapacitor hybrids for pulsed current loads: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2011, 15, 981–992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, Z.; Hofmann, H.; Li, J.; Hou, J.; Zhang, X.; Ouyang, M. The optimization of a hybrid energy storage system at subzero temperatures: Energy management strategy design and battery heating requirement analysis. Appl. Energy 2015, 159, 576–588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, Z.; Li, J.; Hou, J.; Hofmann, H.; Ouyang, M.; Du, J. The battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicle applications: A case study. Energy 2018, 154, 433–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Z.; Khajepour, A.; Song, J. A comprehensive review of the key technologies for pure electric vehicles. Energy 2019, 182, 824–839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Łebkowski, A. Studies of Energy Consumption by a City Bus Powered by a Hybrid Energy Storage System in Variable Road Conditions. Energies 2019, 12, 951. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Divya, K.C.; Østergaard, J. Battery energy storage technology for power systems—An overview. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2009, 79, 511–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tie, S.F.; Tan, C.W. A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 20, 82–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, X.; Li, Z.; Wang, X.; Li, C. Technology Development of Electric Vehicles: A Review. Energies 2019, 13, 90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- May, G.J.; Davidson, A.; Monahov, B. Lead batteries for utility energy storage: A review. J. Energy Storage 2018, 15, 145–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hadjipaschalis, I.; Poullikkas, A.; Efthimiou, V. Overview of current and future energy storage technologies for electric power applications. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2009, 13, 1513–1522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, H.; Shen, M. The control of lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors in hybrid energy storage systems for electric vehicles: A review. Int. J. Energy Res. 2021, 45, 20524–20544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Camargos, P.H.; dos Santos, P.H.J.; dos Santos, I.R.; Ribeiro, G.S.; Caetano, R.E. Perspectives on Li-ion battery categories for electric vehicle applications: A review of state of the art. Int. J. Energy Res. 2022; inpress. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, W.; Garg, A.; Xiao, M.; Peng, X.; Le Phung, M.L.; Tran, V.M.; Gao, L. Intelligent optimization methodology of battery pack for electric vehicles: A multidisciplinary perspective. Int. J. Energy Res. 2020, 44, 9686–9706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pelletier, S.; Jabali, O.; Laporte, G.; Veneroni, M. Battery degradation and behaviour for electric vehicles: Review and numerical analyses of several models. Transp. Res. Part B Methodol. 2017, 103, 158–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Horkos, P.G.; Yammine, E.; Karami, N. Review on Different Charging Techniques of Lead-Acid Batteries. In Proceedings of the 2015 Third International Conference on Technological Advances in Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (TAEECE), Beirut, Lebanon, 29 April–1 May 2015. [Google Scholar]
- König, A.; Nicoletti, L.; Schröder, D.; Wolff, S.; Waclaw, A.; Lienkamp, M. An overview of parameter and cost for battery electric vehicles. World Electr. Veh. J. 2021, 12, 21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barré, A.; Deguilhem, B.; Grolleau, S.; Gérard, M.; Suard, F.; Riu, D. A review on lithium-ion battery ageing mechanisms and estimations for automotive applications. J. Power Sources 2013, 241, 680–689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Safari, M. Battery electric vehicles: Looking behind to move forward. Energy Policy 2018, 115, 54–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, W.; Long, R.; Chen, H.; Geng, J. A review of factors influencing consumer intentions to adopt battery electric vehicles. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 78, 318–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thackeray, M.M.; Wolverton, C.; Isaacs, E.D. Electrical energy storage for transportation—Approaching the limits of, and going beyond, lithium-ion batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 7854–7863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pandolfo, A.G.; Hollenkamp, A.F. Carbon properties and their role in supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 2006, 157, 11–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yaïci, W.; Kouchachvili, L.; Entchev, E.; Longo, M. Dynamic Simulation of Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System for the Electric Vehicles. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), Brasov, Romania, 3–6 November 2019. [Google Scholar]
- González, A.; Goikolea, E.; Barrena, J.A.; Mysyk, R. Review on supercapacitors: Technologies and materials. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 58, 1189–1206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jing, W.; Lai, C.H.; Wong, W.S.H.; Wong, M.L.D. A comprehensive study of battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for standalone PV power system in rural electrification. Appl. Energy 2018, 224, 340–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Wang, L.; Li, M.; Chen, Z. A review of key issues for control and management in battery and ultra-capacitor hybrid energy storage systems. eTransportation 2020, 4, 100064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poonam; Sharma, K.; Arora, A.; Tripathi, S.K. Review of supercapacitors: Materials and devices. J. Energy Storage 2019, 21, 801–825. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhi, M.; Xiang, C.; Li, J.; Li, M.; Wu, N. Nanostructured carbon–metal oxide composite electrodes for supercapacitors: A review. Nanoscale 2013, 5, 72–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Conway, B.E. Transition from “supercapacitor” to “battery” behavior in electrochemical energy storage. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1991, 138, 1539–1548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, S.; Pan, N. Supercapacitors Performance Evaluation. Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5, 1401401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, Y.; Song, Y.; Xia, Y. Electrochemical capacitors: Mechanism, materials, systems, characterization and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2016, 45, 5925–5950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bocklisch, T. Hybrid energy storage approach for renewable energy applications. J. Energy Storage 2016, 8, 311–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zimmermann, T.; Keil, P.; Hofmann, M.; Horsche, M.F.; Pichlmaier, S.; Jossen, A. Review of system topologies for hybrid electrical energy storage systems. J. Energy Storage 2016, 8, 78–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qi, N.; Yin, Y.; Dai, K.; Wu, C.; Wang, X.; You, Z. Comprehensive optimized hybrid energy storage system for long-life solar-powered wireless sensor network nodes. Appl. Energy 2021, 290, 116780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sinha, S.; Bajpai, P. Power management of hybrid energy storage system in a standalone DC microgrid. J. Energy Storage 2020, 30, 101523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babu, T.S.; Vasudevan, K.R.; Ramachandaramurthy, V.K.; Sani, S.B.; Chemud, S.; Lajim, R.M. A Comprehensive Review of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems: Converter Topologies, Control Strategies and Future Prospects. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 148702–148721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hemmati, R.; Saboori, H. Emergence of hybrid energy storage systems in renewable energy and transport applications—A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 65, 11–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hassan, M.; Paracha, Z.J.; Armghan, H.; Ali, N.; Said, H.A.; Farooq, U.; Afzal, A.; Hassan, M.A.S. Lyapunov based adaptive controller for power converters used in hybrid energy storage systems. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 2020, 42, 100853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, M.E.; Kim, S.W.; Seo, S.W. Energy Management Optimization in a Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2012, 3, 463–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, J.; Emadi, A. A New Battery/UltraCapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric, Hybrid, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2012, 27, 122–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jing, W.; Lai, C.H.; Wong, S.H.W.; Wong, M.L.D. Battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system in standalone DC microgrids: A review. IET Renew. Power Gener. 2017, 11, 461–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, I.J.; Wetz, D.A.; Heinzel, J.M.; Dong, Q. Design and Characterization of an Actively Controlled Hybrid Energy Storage Module for High-Rate Directed Energy Applications. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 2015, 43, 1427–1433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Min, H.; Lai, C.; Yu, Y.; Zhu, T.; Zhang, C. Comparison Study of Two Semi-Active Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Hybrid Electric Vehicle Applications and Their Experimental Validation. Energies 2017, 10, 279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, H.; Xiong, R.; Zhao, K.; Liu, Z. Energy management strategy research on a hybrid power system by hardware-in-loop experiments. Appl. Energy 2013, 112, 1311–1317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Sun, Z.; Chen, Z. Energy management strategy for battery/supercapacitor/fuel cell hybrid source vehicles based on finite state machine. Appl. Energy 2019, 254, 113707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, B.; Xu, J.; Wai, R.J.; Cao, B. Adaptive Sliding-Mode with Hysteresis Control Strategy for Simple Multimode Hybrid Energy Storage System in Electric Vehicles. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2017, 64, 1404–1414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Z.; Xiong, R.; Cao, J. Particle swarm optimization-based optimal power management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles considering uncertain driving conditions. Energy 2016, 96, 197–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, Z.; Hofmann, H.; Li, J.; Hou, J.; Han, X.; Ouyang, M. Energy management strategies comparison for electric vehicles with hybrid energy storage system. Appl. Energy 2014, 134, 321–331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santucci, A.; Sorniotti, A.; Lekakou, C. Power split strategies for hybrid energy storage systems for vehicular applications. J. Power Sources 2014, 258, 395–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Moura, S.J.; Fathy, H.K.; Callaway, D.S.; Stein, J.L. A Stochastic Optimal Control Approach for Power Management in Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 2011, 19, 545–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Poursamad, A.; Montazeri, M. Design of genetic-fuzzy control strategy for parallel hybrid electric vehicles. Control Eng. Pract. 2008, 16, 861–873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dhaouadi, R.; Hori, Y.; Huang, X. Robust Control of an Ultracapacitor-based Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicles. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 13th International Workshop on Advanced Motion Control (AMC), Yokohama, Japan, 14–16 March 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Li, J.; Zhang, M.; Yang, Q.; Zhang, Z.; Yuan, W. SMES/Battery Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Buses. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2016, 26, 5700305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barrero, R.; van Mierlo, J.; Tackoen, X. Energy savings in public transport. IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag. 2008, 3, 26–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Song, Z.; Hou, J.; Xu, S.; Ouyang, M.; Li, J. The influence of driving cycle characteristics on the integrated optimization of hybrid energy storage system for electric city buses. Energy 2017, 135, 91–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amin; Bambang, R.T.; Rohman, A.S.; Dronkers, C.J.; Ortega, R.; Sasongko, A. Energy management of fuel cell/battery/supercapacitor hybrid power sources using model predictive control. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2014, 10, 1992–2002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Energy Storage Type | Specific Power (W/kg) | Specific Energy (Wh/kg) | Life (Years) | Cycle | Efficiency (%) | Cost ($/kWh) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lead-acid battery | 50–180 | 30–50 | 3–15 | 500–4500 | 70–90 | 50–200 |
Ni-based battery | 50–1000 | 30–70 | 15–20 | 100–40,000 | 50–90 | 150–2400 |
Li-based battery | 250–400 | 90–190 | ~15 | 500–18,000 | 80–95 | 100–2000 |
Electric Double-Layer Capacitor | Pseudocapacitor | Hybrid Capacitor |
---|---|---|
High voltage and high power operation | Low-voltage functioning is restricted by electrochemistry and the solvent’s solvent decomposition voltage. | Increased cell voltage |
Electrode’s substance of choice is carbon. | Materials utilized as electrodes are metal oxides and conducting polymers. | Consisting of materials containing either conducting polymers or metal oxides in the carbon |
The creation of an electrochemical double layer serves as a charge storage mechanism, non-Faradaic process. | Redox reactions, faradaic process allow the charge to be stored. | Both faradaic and non-faradaic processes store the charge. |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lemian, D.; Bode, F. Battery-Supercapacitor Energy Storage Systems for Electrical Vehicles: A Review. Energies 2022, 15, 5683. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155683
Lemian D, Bode F. Battery-Supercapacitor Energy Storage Systems for Electrical Vehicles: A Review. Energies. 2022; 15(15):5683. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155683
Chicago/Turabian StyleLemian, Diana, and Florin Bode. 2022. "Battery-Supercapacitor Energy Storage Systems for Electrical Vehicles: A Review" Energies 15, no. 15: 5683. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155683
APA StyleLemian, D., & Bode, F. (2022). Battery-Supercapacitor Energy Storage Systems for Electrical Vehicles: A Review. Energies, 15(15), 5683. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155683