Design of a Hybrid Fault-Tolerant Control System for Air–Fuel Ratio Control of Internal Combustion Engines Using Genetic Algorithm and Higher-Order Sliding Mode Control
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Fault-Tolerant Control
1.2. Active Fault-Tolerant Control
1.3. Passive Fault-Tolerant Control
1.4. Hybrid Fault-Tolerant Control
1.5. Air–Fuel Ratio Control
2. Research Methodology
2.1. AFR System Modeling
2.2. AFTCS Design
2.3. PFTCS Design
2.4. HFTCS Design
3. Results and Discussion
4. Comparison with Existing Works
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abbreviation | |
---|---|
FTC | Fault-Tolerant Control |
FTCS | Fault-Tolerant Control System |
GA | Genetic Algorithm |
PFTCS | Passive Fault-Tolerant Control System |
HOSMC | Higher-Order Sliding Mode Control |
IC | Internal Combustion |
HFTCS | Hybrid Fault-Tolerant Control System |
MAP | Manifold Absolute Pressure |
PID | Proportional, Integral and Derivative |
FDI | Fault Detection and Isolation |
AFR | Air–Fuel Ratio |
FIU | Fault Injection Unit |
EGO | Exhaust Gas Oxygen |
SI | Spark Ignition |
ECU | Engine Control Unit |
AFTCS | Active Fault-Tolerant Control System |
MSE | Mean Square Error |
LT | Lookup Table |
LT Values for MAP | GA Values for MAP | Error | MSE |
---|---|---|---|
0.091 | 0.90 | 0.01 | 5.0 × 10−5 |
0.113 | 0.11 | 0.003 | 4.5 × 10−6 |
0.190 | 0.18 | 0.010 | 5.0 × 10−5 |
0.329 | 0.32 | 0.009 | 8.0 × 10−5 |
0.545 | 0.54 | 0.005 | 1.25 × 10−5 |
0.745 | 0.74 | 0.005 | 1.25 × 10−5 |
0.857 | 0.85 | 0.007 | 2.45 × 10−5 |
0.915 | 0.90 | 0.005 | 1.25 × 10−5 |
0.946 | 0.93 | 0.016 | 1.28 × 10−4 |
0.964 | 0.95 | 0.014 | 9.8 × 10−5 |
0.975 | 0.97 | 0.005 | 1.25 × 10−5 |
0.985 | 0.98 | 0.005 | 1.25 × 10−5 |
0.994 | 0.98 | 0.014 | 9.8 × 10−5 |
0.997 | 0.98 | 0.017 | 1.45 × 10−4 |
0.998 | 0.99 | 0.008 | 3.2 × 10−5 |
0.999 | 0.99 | 0.009 | 4.05 × 10−5 |
0.999 | 0.99 | 0.009 | 4.05 × 10−5 |
LT Values for Throttle | GA Values for Throttle | Error | MSE |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.5 | −0.5 | 1.25 × 10−1 |
1.979 | 1.95 | 0.029 | 4.21 × 10−4 |
4.686 | 4.6 | 0.086 | 3.7 × 10−3 |
6.258 | 6.25 | 0.008 | 3.2 × 10−5 |
7.471 | 7.46 | 0.011 | 6.05 × 10−5 |
8.482 | 8.45 | 0.032 | 1.02 × 10−3 |
9.357 | 9.36 | −0.003 | 4.5 × 10−6 |
10.163 | 10.11 | 0.053 | 1.40 × 10−3 |
10.824 | 10.78 | 0.044 | 9.6 × 10−4 |
11.452 | 11.4 | 0.052 | 1.35 × 10−3 |
12.061 | 12 | 0.061 | 1.86 × 10−3 |
12.70 | 12.69 | 0.01 | 5.0 × 10−5 |
13.402 | 13.40 | 0.002 | 2.0 × 10−6 |
14.187 | 14.17 | 0.017 | 1.44 × 10−4 |
15.107 | 15.10 | 0.007 | 2.45 × 10−5 |
16.24 | 16.25 | −0.01 | 5.0 × 10−5 |
17.754 | 17.73 | 0.024 | 2.8 × 10−4 |
Name of Controller | Chattering Reduction | Degree of Robustness | Response against Noise |
---|---|---|---|
Proposed HFTCS | Eliminates chattering effect | Insensitive with the highest degree of robustness | Best for noisy systems |
AFTCS based on ANN and Fuzzy Logic | Does not eliminate chattering | Unknown duration for handling faults | High Misfiring Observed |
HFTCS based on Kalman Filter | Does not eliminate chattering | Does not provide robustness | High Misfiring Observed |
AFTCS based on Linear Regression | Does not eliminate chattering | Not a robust technique | High Misfiring Observed |
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Alsuwian, T.; Tayyeb, M.; Amin, A.A.; Qadir, M.B.; Almasabi, S.; Jalalah, M. Design of a Hybrid Fault-Tolerant Control System for Air–Fuel Ratio Control of Internal Combustion Engines Using Genetic Algorithm and Higher-Order Sliding Mode Control. Energies 2022, 15, 5666. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155666
Alsuwian T, Tayyeb M, Amin AA, Qadir MB, Almasabi S, Jalalah M. Design of a Hybrid Fault-Tolerant Control System for Air–Fuel Ratio Control of Internal Combustion Engines Using Genetic Algorithm and Higher-Order Sliding Mode Control. Energies. 2022; 15(15):5666. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155666
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlsuwian, Turki, Muhammad Tayyeb, Arslan Ahmed Amin, Muhammad Bilal Qadir, Saleh Almasabi, and Mohammed Jalalah. 2022. "Design of a Hybrid Fault-Tolerant Control System for Air–Fuel Ratio Control of Internal Combustion Engines Using Genetic Algorithm and Higher-Order Sliding Mode Control" Energies 15, no. 15: 5666. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155666