Deep-Learning Based Fault Events Analysis in Power Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- An automated COMTRADE file analysis for fault type and location identification has been proposed using a testbed.
- A novel coloring method for the input of the proposed CNN model has been designed. The proposed CNN demonstrates the effectiveness for fault type and location classification with 99.9% classification accuracy. This is because the proposed CNN has the advantage of extracting features based on graphical images of power system faults.
- The proposed CNN model was tested with various kinds of transient fault data. The test results prove that the proposed method can be used to classify and detect fault types and transmission lines under various conditions of power systems.
2. Fault Analysis in Power Systems
3. Proposed CNN Model for Fault Type and Location Classification
3.1. Data Preprocessing—Reduction
3.2. Data Preprocessing—Coloring Method
3.3. CNN Model
4. Experimental Results
4.1. Test System
4.2. Network Training
4.3. Test Procedure
4.4. Classification Results
4.5. Additional Experimental Results
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclatures
CNN | Convolution neural network |
ANN | Artificial neural network |
FFT | Fast fourier transform |
COMTRADE | Common format for transient data exchange for power systems |
FTDD | Fusion of time domain descriptors |
NB | Naive Bayes |
IED | Intelligent electronic device |
SS | Substation |
SLG | Single line to ground fault |
DLG | Double line to ground fault |
DLL | Double line to line fault |
TLG | Three line to ground fault |
t-SNE | t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding |
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Model | Line Impedance | Bus Voltage (p.u.) | Fault Resistance (ohm) | Fault Location (miles from the SS#1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R (ohm/km) | L (mH/km) | C (f/km) | SS1 | SS2 | SS3 | SS4 | |||
Network training | R1:0.012 R0:0.386 | L1:0.933 L0:4.126 | C1:0.012 C0:0.007 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 0.001, 0.1, 5, 20 | 20∼80 |
Model testing (different fault distance) | R1:0.012 R0:0.386 | L1:0.933 L0:4.126 | C1:0.012 C0:0.007 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 0.01, 0.3, 10, 15 | 10∼20, 80∼90 |
Type of Faults/Fault Line Location (Class Index) | Line 1 (0) | Line 2 (1) |
---|---|---|
SLG-A , | SLG-A , | |
Single line to ground (class index) | SLG-B , | SLG-B , |
SLG-C , | SLG-C , | |
DLG-AB , | DLG-AB , | |
Double line to ground (class index) | DLG-BC , | DLG-BC , |
DLG-AC , | DLG-AC , | |
DLL-AB , | DLL-AB , | |
Double line to line (class index) | DLL-BC , | DLL-BC , |
DLL-AC , | DLL-AC , | |
Triple line to (class index) | TLG-ABC | TLG-ABC |
No. | Layer Type | Kernel Size/Stride | Kernel Number | Output Size | Padding |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Convolution + ReLU | 2 | same | ||
2 | Maxpooling layer | - | valid | ||
3 | Convolution + ReLU | /1 | 4 | same | |
4 | Maxpooling layer | - | valid | ||
5 | Convolution + ReLU | /1 | 6 | same | |
6 | Maxpooling layer | - | - | valid | |
7 | Flatten | - | - | 37,668 | - |
8 | Fully connected | - | - | 512 | - |
9 | Softmax layer | - | - | 20 | - |
Model | Data Description | Fault type Accuracy |
---|---|---|
Proposed Model | Train: 720 image/class | |
Validate: 80 image/class | % | |
Model 1 | Train: 480 image/class | |
less training | Validate: 120 image/class | % |
Model 2 | Train: 225 image/class | |
less training | Validate: 25 image/class | % |
Model 3 | Train: 90 image/class | |
less training | Validate: 10 image/class | 91% |
Model | Line Impedance | Bus Voltage (p.u.) | Fault Resistance (ohm) | Fault Location (miles from the SS#1) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R (ohm/km) | L (mH/km) | C (f/km) | SS1 | SS2 | SS3 | SS4 | |||
Network training | R1:0.018 R0:0.389 | L1:0.939 L0:4.132 | C1:0.019 C0:0.009 | 1.02 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 0.4, 8 | 5∼10, 90∼95 |
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Hong, J.; Kim, Y.-H.; Nhung-Nguyen, H.; Kwon, J.; Lee, H. Deep-Learning Based Fault Events Analysis in Power Systems. Energies 2022, 15, 5539. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155539
Hong J, Kim Y-H, Nhung-Nguyen H, Kwon J, Lee H. Deep-Learning Based Fault Events Analysis in Power Systems. Energies. 2022; 15(15):5539. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155539
Chicago/Turabian StyleHong, Junho, Yong-Hwa Kim, Hong Nhung-Nguyen, Jaerock Kwon, and Hyojong Lee. 2022. "Deep-Learning Based Fault Events Analysis in Power Systems" Energies 15, no. 15: 5539. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155539
APA StyleHong, J., Kim, Y.-H., Nhung-Nguyen, H., Kwon, J., & Lee, H. (2022). Deep-Learning Based Fault Events Analysis in Power Systems. Energies, 15(15), 5539. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155539