Machine Learning Methods for Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics in Building Systems—A Review
Abstract
:1. Background: Prior Review Articles
1.1. Building Energy Consumption
1.2. History of FDD in Building Systems
2. Modern Machine Learning for Fault Detection in Building Systems
- Actuator malfunction
- Sensor faults
- Blocked ducts
- Filtration issues
- Fluctuation of pressure setpoints
- Motor failure
- Fan malfunction
- Coil fouling
2.1. Feature Selection
2.2. Data-Driven Methods
Principal Component Analysis
2.3. Supervised Learning
2.3.1. Support Vector Machines
2.3.2. Neural Networks
2.4. Unsupervised Learning
2.4.1. Clustering
2.4.2. Regression Algorithms
2.4.3. Rule-Based Methods
2.5. Characteristic Signatures
2.6. Challenges
2.7. Machine Learning Methods in the Future
3. Concluding Thoughts
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
AFDD | Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics |
AHU | Air Handling Unit |
AI | Artificial Intelligence |
ANN | Artificial Neural Network |
APAR | Air-Handling Unit Performance Assessment Rules |
ARM | Association Rule Mining |
ARX | Autoregressive Model with Exogenous Terms |
ASHRAE | American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers |
BNMI | Best Network after Multiple Iterations |
DBSCAN | Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications |
FDD | Fault Detection and Diagnostics |
GMM | Gaussian Mixture Model |
HVAC | Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning |
IEA | International Energy Agency |
kNN | k-Nearest Neighbor |
LRN | Layer Recurrent Neural Networks |
MAE | Mean Absolute Error |
ML | Machine Learning |
MLP | Multi-Layer Perceptron |
MPC | Model Predictive Control |
PCA | Principal Components Analysis |
PMV | Predicted Mean Vote |
RBF | Radial Basis Function |
RMSE | Root Meat Squared Error |
SVM | Support Vector Machines |
SVR | Support Vector Regression |
TB | Terminal Box |
VAV | Variable Air Volume |
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Nelson, W.; Culp, C. Machine Learning Methods for Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics in Building Systems—A Review. Energies 2022, 15, 5534. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155534
Nelson W, Culp C. Machine Learning Methods for Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics in Building Systems—A Review. Energies. 2022; 15(15):5534. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155534
Chicago/Turabian StyleNelson, William, and Charles Culp. 2022. "Machine Learning Methods for Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics in Building Systems—A Review" Energies 15, no. 15: 5534. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155534