The Assessment of Energy Efficiency versus Planning of Rail Freight Traffic: A Case Study on the Example of Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
- review of various methods of effectiveness assessment, incl. the WTW technology [18],
3. Methodology
3.1. Mathematical Model of the Problem
- allocation of railway vehicles dedicated to freight traffic: locomotives and railcars to perform a defined transport task, taking into account the fact that the size of rolling stock inventory is limited; the solution is assessed in terms of the energy efficiency of the allocation,
- routing of a train launched in connection with the implementation of a defined transport task within the railway network,
- determination of transport conditions for a defined transport task taking into account the allocated rolling stock (locomotives and railcars) and the route.
- In order to select the rolling stock to perform specific tasks, it is necessary to:
- identify the location of the shipping points and unloading points as well as intermediate operating points for the implementation of transport—GSK,
- determination of technical characteristics of point elements (forwarding points) and linear railway network, e.g., unloading and loading times or travel times along a given route section—FSK,
- determination of locomotives and railcars being at the disposal of the railway operator—ST, i.e., determination of the technical characteristics of a given locomotive or railcars, e.g., max. speed, number of axles, capacities etc.—FST,
- defining the size of tasks to be performed (the size of the transported freight in a given service)—ZPD,
- defining transport tariffs—TTP,
- determining the energy efficiency of a specific transport task performance—EE.
- the performance of the transport task consists of transporting a specific volume of cargo from senders to recipients,
- cargo is transported with the use of locomotives and railcars suitable for the cargo being transported according to the NHM catalogue [60],
- the performance of transport tasks takes place within the established rail transport network,
- in the case of launching a train with a loading gauge exceeded, lines adapted to this will be used,
- the route of the shipment (transport task), constituting a transport need, should consist of successive sections of the railway line,
- the performance of a given transport task is carried out according to the appropriate transport tariff (basic charge appropriate for a given transport task changed with the use of an appropriate combination of multipliers),
- optimization takes place at the level of a specific transport task, and not at the network level,
- we assume that the capacity is available for the implementation of the reported transport task; the possible lack of capacity on individual open line may result in the extension of the obtained transport time,
- we assume that the current state of the rolling stock at the disposal is the input data; we determine the best solution for this state; we do not assume its update and implementation delay (one of the criteria is minimizing the duration of the transport),
- we assume that the task is performed with the use of the block train system; in the future, we will extend the method to the implementation of transport in the single wagon system.
3.2. Mathematical Formulation of the Problem
3.2.1. Model Parameters
- binary variables x(nol,zpd) about the interpretation of the use of a given section of the railway network for the implementation of a specific transport task, stored in the matrix D(zpd),
- binary variables dtr(zpd,lok,wag) about the interpretation of allocating an appropriate number of locomotives of specific series and a specified number of railcars of specific series for the implementation of a given transport task, stored in the matrix DTR(zpd),
- variables about the interpretation of the conditions of transporting the shipment being declared for transport for a specified route and selected locomotive and railcars, notated in the form of a vector WP(zpd):
- dl(zpd)—length of the transport task route,
- O(zpd)—a vector containing a list of railway line sections along which the transport needs will be fulfilled,
- VMAX(zpd)—a vector containing a list of permissible speeds for sections of railway lines along which the transport needs will be fulfilled,
- NMAX(zpd)—a vector containing a list of permissible axle loads for sections of railway lines along which the transport needs will be fulfilled,
- WMAX(zpd)—a vector containing a list of the permissible number of railcars for sections of railway lines along which the transport needs will be fulfilled,
- OMAX(zpd)—a vector containing a list of the permissible number of axles for sections of railway lines along which the transport needs will be fulfilled,
- DMAX(zpd)—a vector containing a list of the permissible length of trains for sections of railway lines along which the transport needs will be fulfilled,
- rzmh(DTR(zpd))—total braked weight of the train: of the dispatched locomotive and dispatched railcars,
- TNOL(zpd)—a vector containing theoretical travel times for sections of railway lines along which the transport needs will be fulfilled,
- t(zpd)—theoretical travel time for the fulfilment of the transport need,
- k(zpd)—transport cost for the fulfilment of the transport need.
- tow(zpd,nhm)—the subject of carriage in the transport task is the commodity with the number NHM,
- sp(zpd,pe)—the transport task with the zpd number begins at the operating point pe called the point of dispatch,
- sk(zpd,pe)—the transport task ends at the operating point pe called the collection point,
- zp(zpd)—the size of the transport need,
- ps(zpd)—the fact that the transport need is a shipment with the loading gauge exceeded.
3.2.2. Quality Assessment Indices for Solving the Problem of Selecting the Rolling Stock for the Implementation of Tasks Based on the Assessment of the Energy Efficiency of the Solution
- F1(k(zpd))—minimizing the cost of shipment transport within the railway network:
- F2(D(zpd), DTR(zpd))—minimizing energy consumption necessary to carry out the shipment transport within the railway network (determination of the energy efficiency of the proposed solution):
3.2.3. Constraints Used in the Problem of Selecting the Rolling Stock for the Performance of Tasks Based on the Assessment of the Energy Efficiency of the Solution
- train parameters concerning:
- maximum train speed,
- maximum axle loads of vehicles (locomotives and railcars),
- actual braked weight of the train composition,
- necessity to meet a transport need with the loading gauge exceeded,
- shipment parameters concerning:
- a specific load should be transported in a railcar of a specific series in agreement with its allocation,
- the place of transport commencement,
- the place of transport completion,
- allocating an appropriate number of railcars,
- allocating a locomotive whose towing capacity will allow the train to move,
- infrastructure parameters concerning:
- transport route,
- a given section of the railway line,
- the number of railcars allocated for task performance,
- number of railcar axles allocated for task performance,
- the sum of the length of the locomotive and railcars allocated for task performance,
- the sum of the number of locomotive and railcar axles allocated for task performance,
- allocation of a locomotive whose type of traction corresponds to the type of traction located on individual sections of railway lines,
- bearing a basic charge and possibly an additional fee,
- imposing correction factors.
3.3. The Procedure of the Method
- STEP 1: Defining the input parameters. It is necessary to define the initial and terminal stations for commodity transport, define their type and the amount of weight to be transported.
- STEP 2: Using the input parameters and the “Stations” dictionary (STEP 2a) it is possible to describe the transport task (STEP 2b). When describing the task, the “NHM” dictionary containing standardized types of cargo should be used, so that the type of commodity is written in the form of commodity groups to be transported (STEP 2c).
- STEP 3: Identifying the data being searched for: incl. locomotives, railcars, train length, number of axles, weight, speed, percentage of braked weight.
- STEP 4: Answering the question whether the first search for a solution is taking place. If not, go to the “Restrictions and conditions of train passage” section. If yes, go to the next step.
- STEP 5: On the basis of the dictionary “Locomotives” and “Railcars”, the allocation of vehicles for the performance of the defined transport task takes place.
- STEP 6: Define the train composition necessary for the transport by determining its weight, length, number of railcars, number of axles, maximum axle load on the rail and maximum speed.
- STEP 7: Basing on the specified parameters of the train composition, as well as on the basis of the data contained in the dictionaries “Stations”, “Railway lines” and “Railway sections”, the optimal route for the transport is determined by specifying: maximum speed, maximum axle load on the rail, type of traction and loading gauge parameters.
- STEP 8: As a result of the work, we obtain a set of restrictions and conditions for train passage. The limitations arise by comparing the values found with the parameters of the train route (STEP 8a). In the scope of transport conditions, the tariff cost, is determined, i.e., pursuant to the “Freight Tariff” dictionary.
- STEP 9: A report on results is generated, in the form of determining the train composition, restrictions and running costs.
- STEP 10: Verifying the correctness of the obtained results. If the results are correct, the operation of the method ends. If the obtained results are not satisfactory, the assumptions are changed (STEP 10a). Corrections may be introduced by changing the locomotive, changing the train composition or changing the route (STEPS 10b, 10c and 10d). After a correction is made, go to step 8 “Train passage restrictions and conditions”.
4. Case Study—Selection of Rolling Stock for Task Performance on the Basis of the Assessment of Energy Efficiency of the Solution on the Example of Poland
4.1. Identification of Input Parameters
- the object of transport: stones for the construction of a railway line,
- the initial station of transport: Gralewo,
- the terminal station of transport: Wrocław Brochów,
- the weight of the object of transport: 2000 tons,
- information that the shipment is not a shipment exceeding the loading gauge.
4.2. Results of the Selection of Rolling Stock for the Implementation of Tasks Based on the Assessment of Energy Efficiency of the Solution
- carrying out an allocation of railway vehicles dedicated to freight traffic: an appropriate number of the correct series of locomotives and an appropriate number of the correct series of freight cars to perform the defined transport task,
- routing a train launched in connection with the implementation of a defined transport task within the railway network (taking into account the effects of the selecting rolling stock for task performance,
- identifying transport conditions for a specified transport task.
4.2.1. Selecting a Locomotive and Railcars to Perform the Transport Task
4.2.2. Determining the Route of Freight Transport
4.2.3. Determining the Conditions of Transport for Individual Tasks
5. Summary and Conclusions
- planning train traffic on the railway network in a variant other than the shortest,
- planning train traffic on the railway network in the form of graphic timetable,
- planning the work of traction crews in terms of assigning a traction crew to service trains,
- planning of maneuvering work and the operation of the support facilities in setting maneuvering crews to individual stations with shunting locomotives and drawing up a plan for the maintenance of traction vehicles and wagons by technical facilities (inspections).
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Vehicle | Parameter | Parameter Value |
---|---|---|
LOCOMOTIVES | series | ET21 (electric) |
number | 1 | |
axles in total | 6 | |
total length | 17.5 m | |
max. speed | 100 km/h | |
empty weight | 78 tons | |
braked weight | 50 tons | |
percentage of braked weight | 64.1% | |
max. axle load of the locomotive on the rail | 13 tons | |
RAILCARS | series | Eans |
number | 19 | |
number of railcars | 19 | |
axles in total | 76 | |
total length | 342 m | |
max. speed | 100 km/h | |
empty weight | 427.5 tons | |
braked weight | 950 tons | |
percentage of braked weight | 62.5% | |
load limit | 1520 tons | |
max. axle load of the railcar on the rail | 20 tons |
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Gołębiowski, P.; Jacyna, M.; Stańczak, A. The Assessment of Energy Efficiency versus Planning of Rail Freight Traffic: A Case Study on the Example of Poland. Energies 2021, 14, 5629. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185629
Gołębiowski P, Jacyna M, Stańczak A. The Assessment of Energy Efficiency versus Planning of Rail Freight Traffic: A Case Study on the Example of Poland. Energies. 2021; 14(18):5629. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185629
Chicago/Turabian StyleGołębiowski, Piotr, Marianna Jacyna, and Andrzej Stańczak. 2021. "The Assessment of Energy Efficiency versus Planning of Rail Freight Traffic: A Case Study on the Example of Poland" Energies 14, no. 18: 5629. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185629
APA StyleGołębiowski, P., Jacyna, M., & Stańczak, A. (2021). The Assessment of Energy Efficiency versus Planning of Rail Freight Traffic: A Case Study on the Example of Poland. Energies, 14(18), 5629. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185629