Clustering Analysis of Energy Consumption in the Countries of the Visegrad Group
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. General Context
1.2. Literature Review
1.3. Contribution Motivation and Scope
1.4. Document Organization
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Basic Parameters of Energy Consumption in the Countries of the Visegrad Group
3.2. Energy Consumption in Sectors of the Economy in the Countries of the Visegrad Group
3.3. Cluster Analysis in the Field of Energy Consumption for EU Countries
3.3.1. The Results of K-means Clustering
3.3.2. The Results of Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering
3.3.3. The Results of DIANA
3.3.4. Assessment of Clustering Techniques
3.3.5. Energy Consumption Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Abbreviation | Meaning |
level of the phenomenon in t period | |
level of the phenomenon t−1 period | |
chain dynamic indicators | |
variable i | |
cluster j | |
binary coefficient with a value equal to one or zero depending on cluster assignment | |
Euclidean distance between the assigned point and cluster center | |
average dissimilarity of object i and all other objects in the same cluster | |
the smallest average dissimilarity of object i to all other clusters, of which i is not a member | |
Silhouette index | |
number of observation pairs where both observations are comembers in both clusterings | |
number of observation pairs where the observations are comembers in the first clustering but not the second | |
number of observation pairs where the observations are comembers in the second clustering but not the first | |
number of observation pairs where neither pair are comembers in either clustering |
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Variable | Description | Unit of Measure |
---|---|---|
X1 | Energy consumption in agriculture, % total energy consumption | Percentage |
X2 | Energy consumption in services, % total energy consumption | Percentage |
X3 | Energy consumption in industry, % total energy consumption | Percentage |
X4 | Energy consumption in transport, % total energy consumption | Percentage |
X5 | Energy consumption in other sectors, % total energy consumption | Percentage |
X6 | Total primary energy supply | Tonnes of oil equivalent (toe), Millions |
X7 | Energy productivity, GDP per unit of TPES | US Dollar, 2015 |
X8 | Energy intensity | TPES per capita |
Year | Chain Dynamic Indicators for Energy Productivity in Countries in Years (Previous Year = 100) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Czech Republic | Hungary | Poland | Slovakia | EU | |
2011 | 106 | 104 | 104 | 106 | 106 |
2012 | 100 | 104 | 105 | 106 | 100 |
2013 | 100 | 105 | 101 | 99 | 101 |
2014 | 105 | 105 | 107 | 109 | 106 |
2015 | 105 | 98 | 103 | 102 | 101 |
2016 | 104 | 101 | 99 | 101 | 102 |
2017 | 101 | 100 | 100 | 098 | 101 |
2018 | 103 | 105 | 103 | 104 | 103 |
2018–2010 | 126 | 124 | 124 | 127 | 122 |
Country | Energy Consumption in Sector | Average | Median | Minimal | Maximal | Range | Standard Deviation | Coefficient of Variation | Skewedness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Czech Republic | agriculture | 2.64 | 2.37 | 1.98 | 4.66 | 2.67 | 0.88 | 0.33 | 2.00 | 2.80 |
services | 11.30 | 11.66 | 8.81 | 12.17 | 3.36 | 1.06 | 0.09 | −1.89 | 2.61 | |
other sectors | 36.07 | 36.70 | 30.04 | 38.64 | 8.60 | 2.27 | 0.06 | −1.57 | 3.49 | |
transport | 20.43 | 22.24 | 7.86 | 25.21 | 17.36 | 5.64 | 0.28 | −1.61 | 1.46 | |
industry | 29.57 | 25.66 | 24.73 | 48.26 | 23.53 | 7.59 | 0.26 | 1.75 | 2.20 | |
Hungary | agriculture | 3.26 | 3.09 | 2.26 | 5.47 | 3.20 | 0.81 | 0.25 | 1.73 | 4.12 |
services | 13.42 | 13.08 | 9.75 | 17.56 | 7.81 | 2.72 | 0.20 | 0.27 | −1.53 | |
other sectors | 43.21 | 42.55 | 40.42 | 46.07 | 5.65 | 1.91 | 0.04 | 0.26 | −1.48 | |
transport | 20.12 | 20.95 | 14.17 | 23.81 | 9.64 | 3.05 | 0.15 | −1.10 | 0.32 | |
industry | 20.00 | 20.71 | 13.86 | 29.40 | 15.54 | 3.82 | 0.19 | 0.82 | 2.53 | |
Poland | agriculture | 5.76 | 5.31 | 4.98 | 7.99 | 3.01 | 1.02 | 0.18 | 1.50 | 0.72 |
services | 10.78 | 11.77 | 6.41 | 12.61 | 6.20 | 1.93 | 0.18 | −1.30 | 0.77 | |
other sectors | 37.24 | 37.36 | 33.25 | 40.86 | 7.61 | 1.91 | 0.05 | −0.42 | 1.19 | |
transport | 22.29 | 24.20 | 11.61 | 29.49 | 17.88 | 5.68 | 0.25 | −0.92 | −0.11 | |
industry | 23.93 | 21.25 | 19.28 | 37.45 | 18.17 | 5.70 | 0.24 | 1.65 | 1.63 | |
Slovakia | agriculture | 1.74 | 1.42 | 1.17 | 4.48 | 3.31 | 0.92 | 0.53 | 2.66 | 7.29 |
services | 16.00 | 14.61 | 11.71 | 24.21 | 12.50 | 4.09 | 0.26 | 1.09 | 0.08 | |
other sectors | 29.66 | 29.62 | 24.48 | 34.58 | 10.10 | 2.46 | 0.08 | −0.18 | 1.70 | |
transport | 20.25 | 22.58 | 9.18 | 25.29 | 16.11 | 5.26 | 0.26 | −1.31 | 0.30 | |
industry | 32.35 | 32.11 | 28.20 | 38.64 | 10.43 | 2.56 | 0.08 | 0.92 | 2.32 | |
EU | agriculture | 2.49 | 2.41 | 2.30 | 3.04 | 0.74 | 0.22 | 0.09 | 1.74 | 2.29 |
services | 12.08 | 12.70 | 9.74 | 13.00 | 3.26 | 1.20 | 0.10 | −1.20 | −0.26 | |
other sectors | 34.43 | 34.16 | 33.06 | 35.76 | 2.70 | 0.91 | 0.03 | 0.10 | −1.62 | |
transport | 26.71 | 26.77 | 22.85 | 28.52 | 5.67 | 1.69 | 0.06 | −1.14 | 0.93 | |
industry | 24.29 | 23.08 | 22.59 | 30.45 | 7.85 | 2.32 | 0.10 | 1.89 | 3.38 |
Jaccard | |||
---|---|---|---|
K-Means | Hierarchical | DIANA | |
K-Means | 1 | - | - |
Hierarchical | 0.9333 | 1 | - |
DIANA | 1 | 0.9333 | 1 |
Rand | |||
K-Means | Hierarchical | DIANA | |
K-Means | 1 | - | - |
Hierarchical | 0.9333 | 1 | - |
DIANA | 1 | 0.9761 | 1 |
Cluster | Agriculture | Services | Industry | Transport | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.16684 | 11.04803 | 24.83229 | 35.80938 | 26.14877 |
2 | 1.97379 | 11.99157 | 36.75460 | 20.91669 | 28.36490 |
3 | 1.60046 | 17.14773 | 14.03312 | 47.90229 | 19.37232 |
4 | 3.22294 | 12.34975 | 21.05390 | 27.27912 | 36.09582 |
Cluster | Average Tempo of Change for GDP per Capita |
---|---|
1 | 1.0165 |
2 | 1.0154 |
3 | 1.0199 |
4 | 1.0234 |
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Gostkowski, M.; Rokicki, T.; Ochnio, L.; Koszela, G.; Wojtczuk, K.; Ratajczak, M.; Szczepaniuk, H.; Bórawski, P.; Bełdycka-Bórawska, A. Clustering Analysis of Energy Consumption in the Countries of the Visegrad Group. Energies 2021, 14, 5612. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185612
Gostkowski M, Rokicki T, Ochnio L, Koszela G, Wojtczuk K, Ratajczak M, Szczepaniuk H, Bórawski P, Bełdycka-Bórawska A. Clustering Analysis of Energy Consumption in the Countries of the Visegrad Group. Energies. 2021; 14(18):5612. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185612
Chicago/Turabian StyleGostkowski, Michał, Tomasz Rokicki, Luiza Ochnio, Grzegorz Koszela, Kamil Wojtczuk, Marcin Ratajczak, Hubert Szczepaniuk, Piotr Bórawski, and Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska. 2021. "Clustering Analysis of Energy Consumption in the Countries of the Visegrad Group" Energies 14, no. 18: 5612. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185612