Influence of Input and Control Parameters on the Process of Pelleting Powdered Biomass
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- -
- a, b and c are non-dimensional model parameters;
- -
- p0 is the atmospheric pressure;
- -
- p is obtained using the force during the compression process and the geometrical characteristics of the die:
- -
- 10% ± 0.1% (by drying the material);
- -
- 13% ± 0,1% (initial moisture content of the material);
- -
- 16% ± 0.1% (by spraying the material with water and leaving for about 30 min to equalize the moisture).
3. Results and Discussion
- 8 mm die: εg = 0.005714 and εmax = 0.26034853.
- 10 mm die: εg = 0.005267 and εmax = 0.32460689.
4. Conclusions
- -
- The density of pellets increases (nonlinearly) with the maximum pelleting pressure (implicitly with the maximum force reached);
- -
- The density of pellets decreases nonlinearly with the increase of the moisture content of the raw material introduced in the pelleting process;
- -
- The density of pellets increases with the increase of the energetic factor, which means that it increases with the temperature, but decreases with the pelleting speed and with the initial volume of material introduced in the pelleting die.
- -
- On average, the energy consumed for the production of a pellet sample was higher for the 10 mm die than for the 8 mm for the initial moisture content of 10% and 16%, and lower for the initial moisture of 13%;
- -
- Under the same production conditions, pellets obtained using the 8 mm die had a higher moisture content than the ones obtained using the 10 mm die;
- -
- Pellets obtained with the 8 mm die had a total density higher than those obtained with the 10 mm die, the average density of the 8 mm pellets being 1075.22 kg m−3 and that of the 10 mm pellets being 999.66 kg m−3;
- -
- the greatest influence on the average density of pellets was that of the initial moisture content of the material; on average, the density increasing from 964.30 kg m−3 (8 mm die) and 870.10 kg m−3 (10 mm die) for the 16% material moisture content to 1099.54 kg m−3 (8 mm die) and 1051.16 kg m−3 (10 mm die) at a 13% material moisture content, reaching 1161.83 kg m−3 (8 mm die) and 1077.73 kg m−3 (10 mm die) for the 10% material moisture content.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter Name | Notation | Measurement Unit | Physical Dimension |
---|---|---|---|
Heat quantity | Q | kg m2/s2 | ML2T−2 |
Compression pressure | p | N/m2 | ML−1T−2 |
Initial material moisture | Up | % | - |
Pellet density | ρp | kg/m3 | ML−3 |
Raw material density | ρ0 | kg/m3 | ML−3 |
Raw material initial volume | V0 | m3 | L3 |
Pelleting speed | v | m/s | LT−1 |
Sample | Raw Material Density ρ0 (kg/m3) | Initial Moisture Ui (%) | Temperature θ (°C) | Pelleting Speed v (m/s) | Maximum Force Fmax (kN) | Energy Consumed Ec (Wh) | Pellet Density ρp (kg/m3) | Pellet Moisture Up (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 136.08 | 10 | 70 | 0.0021 | 10 | 8 | 1035.18 | 8.81 |
2 | 136.08 | 10 | 70 | 0.0021 | 10 | 7 | 1020.70 | 8.74 |
… | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
118 | 142.18 | 13 | 70 | 0.0021 | 20 | 5 | 1213.52 | 10.17 |
119 | 142.18 | 13 | 70 | 0.0021 | 20 | 5 | 1203.73 | 10.04 |
120 | 142.18 | 13 | 70 | 0.0021 | 20 | 6 | 1223.93 | 10.15 |
121 | 142.18 | 13 | 80 | 0.0021 | 20 | 5 | 1119.19 | 9.91 |
122 | 142.18 | 13 | 80 | 0.0021 | 20 | 6 | 1075.55 | 9.87 |
… | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
242 | 147.37 | 16 | 90 | 0.0028 | 30 | 5 | 934.41 | 12.74 |
243 | 147.37 | 16 | 90 | 0.028 | 30 | 6 | 957.02 | 12.53 |
Sample | Raw Material Density ρ0 (kg/m3) | Initial Moisture Ui (%) | Temperature θ (°C) | Pelleting Speed v (m/s) | Maximum Force Fmax (kN) | Energy Consumed Ec (Wh) | Pellet Density ρp (kg/m3) | Pellet Moisture Up (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 136.08 | 10 | 70 | 0.0021 | 10 | 4 | 982.81 | 8.94 |
2 | 136.08 | 10 | 70 | 0.0021 | 10 | 5 | 972.19 | 8.72 |
… | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
118 | 142.18 | 13 | 70 | 0.0021 | 20 | 4 | 1049.21 | 10.12 |
119 | 142.18 | 13 | 70 | 0.0021 | 20 | 5 | 1060.85 | 9.90 |
120 | 142.18 | 13 | 70 | 0.0021 | 20 | 6 | 1064.54 | 9.97 |
121 | 142.18 | 13 | 80 | 0.0021 | 20 | 5 | 046.34 | 10.13 |
122 | 142.18 | 13 | 80 | 0.0021 | 20 | 4 | 1074.26 | 9.92 |
… | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
242 | 147.37 | 16 | 90 | 0.0028 | 30 | 7 | 797.78 | 12.42 |
243 | 147.37 | 16 | 90 | 0.028 | 30 | 5 | 801.75 | 12.51 |
Parameter | Average | Median | Kurt | Skew | Mean Square Deviation | Variance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ρ0 | 141.9 | 142.2 | −1.506 | −0.098 | 4.618 | 21.327 |
ρp | 999.658 | 1016 | −0.891 | −0.487 | 106.46 | 11,333.822 |
Fmax | 20 | 20 | −1.506 | 0 | 8.165 | 66.667 |
Ui | 13 | 13 | −1.506 | 0 | 2.449 | 6 |
θ | 80 | 80 | −1.506 | 0 | 8.165 | 66.667 |
v | 0.002 | 0.002 | −1.506 | −0.082 | 0.001 | 3.7 × 10−7 |
Ec | 5.835 | 5 | −0.49 | 0.7 | 2.02 | 4.08 |
Vp | 2.531 | 2.46 | −0.186 | 0.814 | 0.289 | 0.084 |
L | 30.987 | 30.1 | −0.224 | 0.802 | 3.554 | 12.628 |
Up | 10.478 | 9.94 | −1.394 | 0.425 | 1.864 | 3.475 |
243 | 147.37 | 16 | 90 | 0.028 | 30 | 5 |
Correlations | ρ0 | ρp | Fmax | Ui | v | Ec | Vp | L | Up | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ρ0 | −0.75 | 0 | 0.999 | 0 | 0 | −0.287 | 0.762 | 0.762 | 0.942 | |
ρp | −0.75 | 0.295 | 0.762 | −0.119 | −0.024 | 0.395 | −0.996 | −0.996 | −0.783 | |
Fmax | 0 | 0.295 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.569 | −0.281 | −0.281 | 0.080 | |
Ui | 0.999 | −0.762 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −0.287 | 0.773 | 0.772 | 0.953 | |
0 | −0.119 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −0.116 | 0.121 | 0.121 | −0.059 | ||
v | 0 | −0.024 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −0.379 | 0.020 | 0.020 | 0.143 | |
Ec | −0.287 | 0.395 | 0.569 | −0.287 | −0.116 | −0.379 | −0.390 | −0.390 | −0.389 | |
Vp | 0.763 | −0.996 | −0.281 | 0.773 | 0.121 | 0.020 | −0.390 | 0.999 | 0.799 | |
L | 0.762 | −0.996 | −0.281 | 0.772 | 0.121 | 0.020 | −0.390 | 0.999 | 0.799 | |
Up | 0.942 | −0.783 | 0.080 | 0.953 | −0.059 | 0.143 | −0.389 | 0.799 | 0.799 |
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Gageanu, I.; Cujbescu, D.; Persu, C.; Tudor, P.; Cardei, P.; Matache, M.; Vladut, V.; Biris, S.; Voicea, I.; Ungureanu, N. Influence of Input and Control Parameters on the Process of Pelleting Powdered Biomass. Energies 2021, 14, 4104. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144104
Gageanu I, Cujbescu D, Persu C, Tudor P, Cardei P, Matache M, Vladut V, Biris S, Voicea I, Ungureanu N. Influence of Input and Control Parameters on the Process of Pelleting Powdered Biomass. Energies. 2021; 14(14):4104. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144104
Chicago/Turabian StyleGageanu, Iuliana, Dan Cujbescu, Catalin Persu, Paula Tudor, Petru Cardei, Mihai Matache, Valentin Vladut, Sorin Biris, Iulian Voicea, and Nicoleta Ungureanu. 2021. "Influence of Input and Control Parameters on the Process of Pelleting Powdered Biomass" Energies 14, no. 14: 4104. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144104