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Article

Forks in the Road to E-Mobility: An Evaluation of Instrument Interaction in National Policy Mixes in Northwest Europe

1
School of Business & Economics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
2
Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education (NIFU), 0608 Oso, Norway
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School of Business & Economics, Maastricht University and UNU-Merit, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
4
DTU Management, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
5
Borup Strategi og Analyse, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Energies 2020, 13(2), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020475
Received: 19 November 2019 / Revised: 19 December 2019 / Accepted: 15 January 2020 / Published: 18 January 2020
This paper evaluates how policy shaped the emergence of electric mobility in three countries, Norway, the Netherlands and Denmark, between 2010 and 2015. Whereas previous studies have looked at the effects of separate policy instruments, this paper gives insights in the interaction effects of instruments on the diffusion of battery electric cars between five policy areas. Based on analysis of synergetic, contradictory and pre-conditional effects, we find that an effective policy mix includes: fiscal incentives that mirror the actual carbon footprint of the respective vehicles; non-fiscal demand-side incentives; centrally financed and/or coordinated charging infrastructure; clarity regarding the choice of technology that will be supported. Moreover, development of a domestic, e-mobility-related industry and a high share of renewable energy strengthens the legitimization of e-mobility support. The findings help designing policy mixes in the transition to electric mobility. View Full-Text
Keywords: e-mobility; electric vehicles; policy mixes; policy evaluation; transition policy e-mobility; electric vehicles; policy mixes; policy evaluation; transition policy
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MDPI and ACS Style

Dijk, M.; Iversen, E.; Klitkou, A.; Kemp, R.; Bolwig, S.; Borup, M.; Møllgaard, P. Forks in the Road to E-Mobility: An Evaluation of Instrument Interaction in National Policy Mixes in Northwest Europe. Energies 2020, 13, 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020475

AMA Style

Dijk M, Iversen E, Klitkou A, Kemp R, Bolwig S, Borup M, Møllgaard P. Forks in the Road to E-Mobility: An Evaluation of Instrument Interaction in National Policy Mixes in Northwest Europe. Energies. 2020; 13(2):475. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020475

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dijk, Marc, Eric Iversen, Antje Klitkou, René Kemp, Simon Bolwig, Mads Borup, and Peter Møllgaard. 2020. "Forks in the Road to E-Mobility: An Evaluation of Instrument Interaction in National Policy Mixes in Northwest Europe" Energies 13, no. 2: 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020475

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