Applied Research of the Hygrothermal Behaviour of an Internally Insulated Historic Wall without Vapour Barrier: In Situ Measurements and Dynamic Simulations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Case Study and Methods
2.1. Case Study Presentation
2.2. Technical Worktable and Selection of the Insulation Technologies
- Conservation aspects, referred to the elements to preserve (i.e., decorations, finishing), to the aesthetical aspect of the finishing (e.g., proportions, materials, colours, textures), and to the reversibility (i.e., fastening system, and assembly and installation method);
- Energy efficiency referred to the final thickness, laying of the materials and U-value which justify the intervention—balance between thermal performance improvement and conservation aspects);
- Hygrothermal aspects, referred to the use of the vapour barrier. One of the innovative aspects of the HeLLo project is to verify the use of common insulation technologies without vapour barrier, differently from market suggestions for intervention in existing or new buildings, just to “stress” the performance of the tested stratigraphy and to keep the original vapour transport (i.e., low vapour resistance or vapour open materials), typical of HB materials [41]. This option enables summer drying potential of the historic envelope or the potential existing humidity in the wall (e.g., rising damp).
- Stone wool boards: 40 + 60 mm thickness panels supported by their own steel frame and finished with gypsum boards (12.5 mm).
- Cork boards: 50 mm thickness panels supported by their own timber structure, punctually fixed to the historic wall (very few anchor points) and finishing provided by gypsum fibre boards (12.5 mm);
- Calcium silicate panels: 100 mm thickness panels glued, thanks to a mortar adhesive 8 mm thick, to the historic wall and given a 10 mm finishing mortar layer;
2.3. Monitoring System: New Metering Box and Hygrothermal Control Devices
3. Monitoring System and Period Campaign
4. Hygrothermal Simulation Set-Up
4.1. Boundary Conditions
4.2. Two-Dimensional Model
4.3. Selection of Outputs
5. Results
5.1. In Situ Monitoring
5.2. Hygrothermal Simulation
6. Discussion
6.1. Comparison of Monitored and Simulated Results
- The average temperature values do practically coincide. Average T simul = 9.9 °C, while average Tmonit = [9.7–10.1] °C. Considering the accuracy of the sensors, it can be declared that averaged T simul = Tmonit;
- Both monitored and simulated values pointed to lowest T (°C) value > 5 °C, i.e., the risk of frost damage was not evidenced;
- Concerning RH, data must be observed more carefully, as monitored RH values at 3.40 m and 1.90 m differed more expressively than T. average monitored RH values varied between 80.6–87.6%, at 1.90 m and 3.40 m respectively, while average RHsimul = 90.8%. Bearing in mind the accuracy of the sensors, it can be stated that the average simulated values fit the average RH values measured at 3.40 m. The similarity of the simulated and monitored values is further reinforced by other statistical data: at 3.40 m, only 25% of data (Q3) was above 90.4%. The difference of monitored values between sensors at 1.90 m and 3.40 m, currently attributed to the possible presence of cracks, i.e., wall inhomogeneity, does not allow a fair comparison between RH at 1.90 m with the simulated data;
- These comments are also grounded on the synthesis presented on Table 3;
- Grounded on the aforementioned data, the authors considered that the simulation model was validated.
6.2. Variation of the Simulation
6.2.1. New Models and Additional Outputs
6.2.2. Thermal Simulation
6.2.3. Moisture Accumulation Analysis
6.2.4. Discussion of the Various Simulation Outputs
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References and Note
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Quantity | Value | Unit | |
---|---|---|---|
external | Heat transfer coefficient (exterior surface), | 12 | [W/m2K] |
Vapour diffusion coefficient (exterior surface) | 7.5 × 10−8 | [s/m] | |
internal | Temperature range for interior climate | 20–25 | [°C] |
Relative humidity range for interior climate (normal moisture load) | 35–65 | [%] | |
Heat transfer coefficient (interior surface), | 8 | [W/m2K] | |
Vapour diffusion coefficient (interior surface) | 3 × 10−8 | [s/m] |
Material | ID Delphin DB | [kg/m3] | Cp [J/KgK] | [m3/m3] | [W/mK] | [-] | Aw [kg/m2s05] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lime Mortar | 143 | 1570 | 1000 | 0.408 | 0.7 | 11.0 | 0.176 |
Historical Brick (*) | 532 | 1759 | 1092 | 0.336 | 0.624 | 24.5 | 0.184 |
Lime plaster External (*) | 520 | 1604 | 869 | 0.395 | 0.69 | 19 | 0.179 |
Lime plaster Internal | 629 | 1498 | 802 | 0.435 | 0.412 | 9.3 | 0.018 |
Stone wool | - | 70 | 1030 | 0.950 | 0.033 | 1 | - |
Steel | 238 | 7800 | 470 | - | 47 | - | - |
Gypsum board | 599 | 745 | 1826 | 0.719 | 0.177 | 11 | 0.179 |
Title | Simulation | Monitoring at 3.40 m | Monitoring at 1.90 m |
---|---|---|---|
RH (%) 1 | 90.8 | 87.6 | 80.6 |
T (°C) 2 | 9.9 | 10.1 | 9.7 |
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Andreotti, M.; Bottino-Leone, D.; Calzolari, M.; Davoli, P.; Dias Pereira, L.; Lucchi, E.; Troi, A. Applied Research of the Hygrothermal Behaviour of an Internally Insulated Historic Wall without Vapour Barrier: In Situ Measurements and Dynamic Simulations. Energies 2020, 13, 3362. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133362
Andreotti M, Bottino-Leone D, Calzolari M, Davoli P, Dias Pereira L, Lucchi E, Troi A. Applied Research of the Hygrothermal Behaviour of an Internally Insulated Historic Wall without Vapour Barrier: In Situ Measurements and Dynamic Simulations. Energies. 2020; 13(13):3362. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133362
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndreotti, Mirco, Dario Bottino-Leone, Marta Calzolari, Pietromaria Davoli, Luisa Dias Pereira, Elena Lucchi, and Alexandra Troi. 2020. "Applied Research of the Hygrothermal Behaviour of an Internally Insulated Historic Wall without Vapour Barrier: In Situ Measurements and Dynamic Simulations" Energies 13, no. 13: 3362. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133362