Evaluation of School Building Energy Performance and Classroom Indoor Environment
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Analysis of Energy Audits
2.2. School Classroom Thermal and Daylight Evaluation
2.2.1. Thermal Evaluation
- current state: wall with 8 cm of thermal insulation on the interior side;
- renovation scenario I: wall with 15 cm of thermal insulation on the interior side;
- renovation scenario II: wall with 15 cm of thermal insulation on the exterior surface.
- design outdoor temperature −13.0 °C, locality—GPS: 50.655668 N, 14.724856 E;
- design indoor air temperature 21.0 °C (classroom);
- design relative humidity of outdoor air 84.0%;
- design relative humidity of indoor air 55%.
2.2.2. Daylight Evaluation
Daylight Measurements
Daylight Simulations
- light reflectance ρ [-] of the classroom surfaces in current state (resp. designed state): floor finishing 0.35 (resp. 0.5), wall surfaces 0.7 (resp. 0.9), ceiling 0.84 (resp. 0.9).
- window glass light transmittance τ [-]: double glazed units 0.81, triple glazed units 0.73.
- the south-east orientation of the classroom windows (Figure 5).
- CIE clear sky model to simulate sunlight conditions.
- CIE overcast sky model for consideration of the most unfavourable daylight situation.
- Daylight illuminance simulated for the clear sky model on 21st June, at 12:00 was compared with target illuminance 300 lux.
- Daylight factor simulation for the overcast sky model was compared with target daylight factor DT = 2%.
3. Results
3.1. Results of the Energy Audits Analysis
- 23.6% to 57.0% of external walls (U = 0.57 to 1.83 W m−2 K−1).
- 18.3% to 36.0% of roofs (U = 0.36 to 1.50 W m−2 K−1).
- 17.4% to 55.3% of windows (U = 2.30 to 3.50 W m−2 K−1), external doors (U = 3.50 to 6.50 W m−2 K−1).
3.2. Results of the Thermal Evaluation
3.3. Daylight Study Resultss
3.3.1. Measured Data Analysis
3.3.2. Daylight Simulation Outputs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Building | Year of Construction (Renovation) | Locality | Building Geometry | Building Envelope | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Altitude [m] | Latitude Longitude [°] | Aver. Winter Temperature [°C] | Building Volume [m3] | Gross Floor Area/Heated Volume [m−1] | Heat Loss [kW] | Average U Value [W m−2 K−1] | ||
1 | 1900 (2000) | 248 | 49.763969 N 17.180405 E | 4.1 | 3264 | 0.63 | 90 | 0.907 |
2 | 1950 | 210 | 49.456479 N 17.450230 E | 3.9 | 23,278 | 0.40 | 373.1 | 1.27 |
3 | 1994 | 272 | 49.038646 N 17.814872 E | 3.9 | 19,255 | 0.4 | 303.6 | 1.136 |
4 | 1931 | 272 | 49.038646 N 17.814872 E | 3.9 | 3448 | 0.47 | 61.1 | 0.954 |
5 | 1890 | 334 | 49.458565 N 18.056868 E | 3.8 | 1938 | 0.574 | 50.1 | 0.97 |
6 | 1984 | 304 | 49.6819311 N 18.3673219 E | 3.7 | 23,955 | 0.45 | 434 | 1.087 |
7 | 1949 | 336 | 49.712716 N 13.204605 E | 3.6 | 3491 | 0.43 | 88.7 | 1.23 |
8 | 1978 | 387 | 49.443259 N 13.248114 E | 3.7 | 1471 | 0.85 | 61.1 | 0.95 |
9 | 1937 | 520 | 49.7161561 N 13.9473069 E | 3.5 | 7163 | 0.47 | 102 | 0.90 |
10 | 1930 | 440 | 49.4248869 N 13.8817589 E | 3.7 | 11,427 | 0.503 | 276.5 | 1.05 |
11 | 1988 | 225 | 50.289161 N 14.824512 E | 3.8 | 5288 | 0.40 | 99.4 | 0.82 |
12 | 1960 | 188 | 48.9.07468 N 16.775371 E | 4.5 | 4140 | 0.48 | 82.6 | 1.18 |
13 | 1929 | 450 | 50.129276 N 16.499965 E | 3.6 | 6670 | 0.40 | 160.6 | 1.21 |
14 | 1967 | 179 | 49.059797 N 17.495850 E | 3.6 | 3326 | 0.46 | 78 | 1.33 |
15 | 1980 | 675 | 49.908449 N 17.211115 E | 3.1 | 4131 | 0.68 | 130 | 1.02 |
16 | 1887 (1962) | 378 | 49.303454 N 14.158029 E | 3.7 | 21,777 | 0.37 | 380.6 | 1.1 |
17 | 1980 | 334 | 49.820923 N 18.262524 E | 3.6 | 22,423 | 0.25 | 424.5 | 0.76 |
18 | 1894 (2014) | 280 | 50.655668 N, 14.724856 E | 2.9 | 17,244 | 0.24 | 396 | 0.72 |
Current State | Renovated Scenario I, II | ||
---|---|---|---|
Total solar transmittance of window | g = 0.65 | Total solar transmittance of window | g = 0.53 |
Solar gains | 2141.64 W | Solar gains | 1746.26 W |
Heat gain through facade | 4857.30 W | Heat gain through façade | 3961.7 |
Heat ventilation loss | Heat ventilation loss | ||
(for ventilation rate 0.5 h−1) | −32.78 W | (for ventilation rate 0.5 h−1) | −32.78 W |
Total heat gain | 6966.16 W | Total heat gain | 5675.24 W |
Max. indoor temperature rise per day | 16.5 °C | Max. indoor temperature rise per day | 14.7 °C |
Luminance [cd/m2] | Lhorizon | L15° | L45° | Lzenith | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
time | Elevation Angle | 0° | 15° | 45° | 90° |
11:45 | direction 1 | 1923 | 890 | 8337 | 1716 |
direction 2 | 961 | 4906 | 3393 | 1727 | |
direction 3 | 1897 | 1634 | 1143 | 2065 | |
direction 4 | 5437 | 2978 | 2148 | 1880 | |
12:50 | direction 1 | 4883 | 7204 | 1422 | 1514 |
direction 2 | 1081 | 2066 | 1070 | 1333 | |
direction 3 | 824 | 2309 | 1752 | 1244 | |
direction 4 | 1187 | 257 | 811 | 1299 |
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Mohelníková, J.; Novotný, M.; Mocová, P. Evaluation of School Building Energy Performance and Classroom Indoor Environment. Energies 2020, 13, 2489. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102489
Mohelníková J, Novotný M, Mocová P. Evaluation of School Building Energy Performance and Classroom Indoor Environment. Energies. 2020; 13(10):2489. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102489
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohelníková, Jitka, Miloslav Novotný, and Pavla Mocová. 2020. "Evaluation of School Building Energy Performance and Classroom Indoor Environment" Energies 13, no. 10: 2489. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102489
APA StyleMohelníková, J., Novotný, M., & Mocová, P. (2020). Evaluation of School Building Energy Performance and Classroom Indoor Environment. Energies, 13(10), 2489. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102489