Understanding Computational Methods for Solar Envelopes Based on Design Parameters, Tools, and Case Studies: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Scope and Method of the Review
3. Review Findings: Computational Methods and Parameters of Solar Envelopes
3.1. Design Methods
3.2. Design Parameters
3.3. Comparative Analysis of Design Parameters in Relation to Design Methods
4. Discussion: Digital Simulation Tools and Case Studies
4.1. Digital Tools
4.2. Case Studies
5. Knowledge Gaps and New Directions
6. Conclusions
- By categorizing the contextual setting of solar envelopes into the inclusion and exclusion of surrounding properties (e.g., vegetation, adjacent buildings, open spaces, and other relevant elements) enables architects to identify the types of methods that predominantly focus on new or existing contexts. Given that urban densities may have scarcity of wide areas, DG plays an essential part to deal with the future scenarios as it considers more site properties than other methods.
- Categorization of design parameters into geographic and climatic properties allows us to identify specific parameters that affect volumetric size of solar envelopes for each design method.
- The comparative analysis among methods and parameters indicates that DG is the most frequently-used method of the three. This is because DG has the greatest number of registered references and thus, it contains more basic parameters (latitude, orientation, cut-off times, and solar altitudes) as compared to other methods. In addition, DG has the greatest flexibility to switch parameters during the establishment of solar envelopes because of its wide range of complementary parameters.
- This study categorizes SOA and CSG method as a group with the low category parameters and thus, it refers to local parameters because their parameters can only apply to particular cases when establishing solar envelopes.
- This study investigates the geometric performance of each solar envelope method with respect to the predefined criteria of the digital tools. For example, SOA is identified as the method with the greatest use of self-developed tools since it has the greatest number of local parameters. In contrast, DG is the most flexible for constructing solar envelopes due to its great accessibility, its ability to use the existing digital tools, and its wide range of dynamic parameter inputs.
- This study identifies that CSG is predominantly implemented in a single building rather than on an urban scale due to the high cost of computational modeling and the mesh generation procedures. Moreover, this study reveals that housing remains a predominant case study of solar envelopes, even though offices and commercial sectors consume a greater portion of urban functions, especially in dense areas.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Operation | Sources | Topics | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Conceptual Themes | Design Workflow | Contextual Settings | ||
Solar Architecture | Computational Design | Urban Planning | ||
Solar Envelopes | Solar Design | Urban Design | ||
Solar Access | Solar Simulation | Architectural Design | ||
OR | WoS | TOPIC: (“solar architecture” OR “solar envelopes” OR “solar access”) Refined by: WEB OF SCIENCE CATEGORIES: (CONSTRUCTION BUILDING TECHNOLOGY OR ARCHITECTURE OR GREEN SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY OR ENGINEERING CIVIL OR URBAN STUDIES OR COMPUTER SCIENCE INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS OR ENGINEERING MULTIDISCIPLINARY) AND DOCUMENT TYPES: (ARTICLE OR BOOK CHAPTER OR PROCEEDINGS PAPER) AND RESEARCH AREAS: (CONSTRUCTION BUILDING TECHNOLOGY OR ENGINEERING OR ARCHITECTURE OR URBAN STUDIES) Timespan: 1960–2019. Indexes: SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, BKCI-S, BKCI-SSH, ESCI, CCR-EXPANDED, IC | TOPIC: (“computational design” OR “solar design” OR “solar simulation”) Refined by: WEB OF SCIENCE CATEGORIES: (COMPUTER SCIENCE INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS OR ARCHITECTURE OR ENGINEERING MULTIDISCIPLINARY OR CONSTRUCTION BUILDING TECHNOLOGY OR ENGINEERING CIVIL OR GREEN SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY) AND DOCUMENT TYPES: (ARTICLE OR BOOK CHAPTER OR PROCEEDINGS PAPER) AND RESEARCH AREAS: (COMPUTER SCIENCE OR ENGINEERING OR ARCHITECTURE OR CONSTRUCTION BUILDING TECHNOLOGY OR URBAN STUDIES) Timespan: 1960–2019. Indexes: SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, BKCI-S, BKCI-SSH, ESCI, CCR-EXPANDED, IC | TOPIC: (“urban planning” OR “urban design” OR “architectural design”) Refined by: WEB OF SCIENCE CATEGORIES: (URBAN STUDIES OR ARCHITECTURE OR REGIONAL URBAN PLANNING OR ENGINEERING CIVIL OR CONSTRUCTION BUILDING TECHNOLOGY OR GREEN SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY) AND DOCUMENT TYPES: (ARTICLE OR PROCEEDINGS PAPER OR BOOK OR BOOK CHAPTER) AND RESEARCH AREAS: (URBAN STUDIES OR ARCHITECTURE OR ENGINEERING OR CONSTRUCTION BUILDING TECHNOLOGY) Timespan: 1960–2019. Indexes: SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, BKCI-S, BKCI-SSH, ESCI, CCR-EXPANDED, IC |
Total | 139 | 846 | 10.196 | |
Scopus | TITLE-ABS-KEY (“solar architecture” OR “solar envelopes” OR “solar access”) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2020 AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ar”) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “cp”) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ch”) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “bk”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “ENGI”) OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “ENER”) OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “COMP”) OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “ARTS”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)) | TITLE-ABS-KEY (“computational design” OR “solar design” OR “solar simulation”) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2020 AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ar”) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “cp”) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ch”) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “bk”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “ENGI”) OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “COMP”) OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “ENER”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)) | TITLE-ABS-KEY (“urban planning” OR “urban design” OR “architectural design”) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2020 AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ar”) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “cp”) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ch”) OR LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “bk”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “ENGI”) OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “COMP”) OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “ARTS”) OR LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA, “ENER”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, “English”)) | |
Total | 388 | 2.548 | 61.900 | |
GS | Sort by date: “solar architecture” OR “solar envelopes” OR “solar access” | Sort by date: “computational design” OR “solar design” OR “solar simulation” | Sort by date: “urban planning” OR “urban design” OR “architectural design” | |
Total | 43 | 674 | 8.530 | |
AND | WoS | TOPIC: (“solar architecture” OR “solar envelopes” OR “solar access” AND “computational design” OR “solar design” OR “solar simulation” AND “urban planning” OR “urban design” OR “architectural design”) Refined by: WEB OF SCIENCE CATEGORIES: (ARCHITECTURE OR URBAN STUDIES OR CONSTRUCTION BUILDING TECHNOLOGY OR ENGINEERING CIVIL OR REGIONAL URBAN PLANNING OR GREEN SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY) AND DOCUMENT TYPES: (ARTICLE OR PROCEEDINGS PAPER OR BOOK CHAPTER OR BOOK) AND RESEARCH AREAS: (ARCHITECTURE OR URBAN STUDIES OR ENGINEERING OR CONSTRUCTION BUILDING TECHNOLOGY) Timespan: 1960–2019. Indexes: SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, BKCI-S, BKCI-SSH, ESCI, CCR-EXPANDED, IC | ||
Total | 5.592 | |||
Scopus | TITLE-ABS-KEY (“solar architecture” OR “solar envelopes” OR “solar access” AND “computational design” OR “solar design” OR “solar simulation” AND “urban planning” OR “urban design” OR “architectural design”) AND PUBYEAR > 1959 AND PUBYEAR < 2020 | |||
Total | 13 | |||
GS | Sort by date: “solar architecture” OR “solar envelopes” OR “solar access” AND “computational design” OR “solar design” OR “solar simulation” AND “urban planning” OR “urban design” OR “architectural design” | |||
Total | 1050 |
References
- Ritchie, H.; Roser, M. Urbanization. 2020. Available online: https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization (accessed on 30 January 2020).
- United Nations. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision (ST/ESA/SER.A/420); Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division: New York, NY, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- IEO. International Energy Outlook 2019 with Projections to 2050; U.S. Energy Information Administration Office of Energy Analysis, U.S. Department of Energy: Washington, DC, USA, 2019.
- Global Alliance for Bbuildings and Construction, International Energy Agency and the United Nations Environment Programme. 2019 Global Status Report for Building and Construction: Towards a Zero-Emissions, Efficient and Resilient Buildings and Construction Sector; United Nations Environment Programme: Madrid, Spain, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Chan, A.P.; Darko, A.; Ameyaw, E.E. Strategies for promoting green building technologies adoption in the construction industry—An international study. Sustainability 2017, 9, 969. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Martin, L.; Perry, F. Sustainable construction technology adoption. In Sustainable Construction Technologies; Life-Cycle Assessment:Butterworth-Heinemann: Kidlington, UK; Oxford, UK, 2019; pp. 299–316. [Google Scholar]
- Anand, P.; Sekhar, C.; Cheong, D.; Santamouris, M.; Kondepudi, S. Occupancy-based zone-level VAV system control implications on thermal comfort, ventilation, indoor air quality and building energy efficiency. Energy Build. 2019, 2014, 109473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin, M.; Baltazar, J.-C.; Haberl, J.S.; Frazier, E.; Lynn, B. Evaluation of the energy performance of a net zero energy building in a hot and humid climate. Energy Build. 2019, 204, 10953. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmad, M.W.; Mourshed, M.; Yuce, B.; Rezgui, Y. Computational intelligence techniques for HVAC systems: A review. Build. Simul. 2016, 9, 359–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Reijula, J.; Holopainen, R.; Kähkönen, E.; Reijula, K.; Tommelein, I.D. Intelligent HVAC systems in hospitals. Intell. Build. Int. 2013, 5, 101–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Winy, M. What’s Next? How Do We Make Vertical Urban Design? Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH): Shenzen, China, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- MVRDV. Grotius Towers. MVRDV. 2019. Available online: https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/392/grotius-towers (accessed on 27 May 2020).
- Topaloglu, B. Solar Envelope and Form Generation in Architecture. Master Thesis, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Knowles, R.L. Sun, Rhythm and Form; The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1981. [Google Scholar]
- White, M. Preserving Open Space Amenity Using Subtractive Volumetric Modelling; Aachener Geographische Arbeiten: Aachen, Germany, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Martín-Martín, A.; Orduna-Malea, E.; Thelwall, M.; López-Cózara, E.D. Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus: A systematic comparison of citations in 252 subject categories. J. Informetr. 2018, 12, 1160–1177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yang, K.; Meho, L. Citation Analysis: A Comparison of Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Proc. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 2007, 43, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Knowles, R.L. Energy and Form: An Ecological Approach to Urban Growth; The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1974. [Google Scholar]
- Giacomo, L. The Architecture of A. Palladio in Four Books; John Watts: London, UK, 1715. [Google Scholar]
- Galton, D.S. Healthy Hospitals: Observations on some Points Connected with Hospital Construction, 1st ed.; Clarendon Press: London, UK; Oxford, UK, 1893. [Google Scholar]
- Atkinson, W. The Orientation of Buildings: Or, Planning for Sunlight, 1st ed.; Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1912. [Google Scholar]
- Leidi, M.; Schlüter, A. Exploring urban space—Volumetric site analysis for conceptual design in the urban context. Int. J. Archit. Comput. 2013, 11, 157–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Da Veiga, J.; la Roche, P. A Computer Solar Analysis Tool for the Design and Manufacturing of Complex Architectural Envelopes: EvSurf. In Proceedings of the 6th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics [SIGraDi 2002], Caracas, Venezuela, 27–29 November 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Littlefair, P. Passive solar urban design: Ensuring the penetration of solar energy into the city. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 1998, 2, 303–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Obaidat, B.S. A Simulation Model for Defining Three Different Solar Accesses in Site Planning. Simulation 1995, 65, 357–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jain, A.; Kensek, K.; Noble, D. Interactive Web-based teaching tool for simplified 3D analysis of solar rhythms. Autom. Constr. 1998, 8, 181–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ralegaonkar, R.V.; Gupta, R. Review of intelligent building construction: A passive solar architecture approach. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2010, 14, 2238–2242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Freita, S.; Catita, C.M.; Redweik, P.; Brito, M. Modelling solar potential in the urban environment: State-of-the-art-review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 41, 915–931. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lobaccaro, G.; Frontini, F.; Masera, G.; Poli, T. SolarPW: A new solar design tool to exploit solar potential in existing urban areas. Energy Procedia 2012, 30, 1173–1183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stasinopoulos, T.N. A survey of solar envelope properties using solid modelling. J. Green Build. 2018, 13, 3–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Staneva, N.N. Approaches for generating 3D solid models in AutoCAD and solid works. J. Eng. 2008, VI, 28–31. [Google Scholar]
- Capeluto, G.; Shaviv, E. Modeling the design of urban grids and fabric with solar rights considerations. In Proceedings of the ISES, Taejon, Korea, 24–29 August 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Brandao, R.S.; Alucci, M.P. Solar access in tropical cities: Towards a multicriteria solar envelope. In Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Beirut, Lebanon, 13–16 November 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Stasinopoulos, T.N. Solar Envelope—A Construction Method Using AutoCAD 2000. 9 July 2001. Available online: http://www.oikotekton.eu/solenvelope (accessed on 25 October 2016).
- Raboudi, K.; Saci, A.B. A morphological generator of urban rules of solar control. In Proceedings of the 29th conference on PLEA 2013—Sustainable architecture for a renewable future, Munich, Germany, 10–12 September 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Kensek, K.; Henkhaus, A. Solar Access Zoning + Building Information Modeling; Solar: Baltimore, MD, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Cotton, J.F. Solid modeling as a tool for constructing solar envelopes. Autom. Constr. 1996, 5, 185–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niemasz, J.; Sargent, J.; Reinhart, C.F. Solar Zoning and Energy in Detached Dwellings; SimAUD: Boston, MA, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Vartholomaios, A. The residential solar block envelope: A method for enabling the development of compact urban blocks with high passive solar potential. Energy Build. 2015, 99, 303–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Capeluto, I.G.; Shaviv, E. Modelling the design of urban fabric with solar rights considerations. In Proceedings of the International Conference of IBPSA, Kyoto, Japan, 13–15 September 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Capeluto, I.; Yezioro, A.; Bleiberg, T.; Shaviv, E. From computer models to simple design tools: Solar rights in the design of urban streets. In Proceedings of the Ninth international IBPSA conference, Montreal, QC, Canada, 15–18 August 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Capeluto, I.G.; Yezioro, A.; Shaviv, E. Climactic aspects in urban design—A case study. Build. Environ. 2003, 38, 827–835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Capeluto, G.I.; Plotnikov, B. A method for the generation of climate-based, context-dependent parametric solar envelopes. Archit. Sci. Rev. 2017, 60, 395–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Machacova, K.; Keppl, J.; Krajcovics, L. The Solar Envelope Method in Education at the Faculty of Architecture STU Bratislava; Central Europe towards Sustainable Building: Prague, Czech Republic, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Martin, C.L.; Keeffe, G. The Biomimetic solar city: Solar derived urban form using a forest-growth inspired methodology. In Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Singapore, 22–24 November 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Martin, C.L.; Pilling, M.; Stott, C.; Walsh, V. The nectar project: Solar development of post-industrial urban communities. In Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, 13–15 July 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Dekay, M. The implications of community gardening for land use and density. J. Archit. Plan. Res. 1997, 14, 126–149. [Google Scholar]
- De Luca, F. Solar Envelope Optimization Method for Complex Urban Environments. In Proceedings of the CAADence in Architecture. Back to Command, Budapest, Hungary, 16–17 June 2016. [Google Scholar]
- De Luca, F.; Voll, H. Computational Method for Variable Objectives and Context-Aware Solar Envelopes Generation. In Proceedings of the 8th Annual Symposium on Simulation for Architecture and Urban Design, SimAUD, Toronto, ON, Canada, 22–24 May 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Leduc, T.; Hartwell, K. Limiting the Buildings’ Envelopes in Order to Prevent the Surrounding Mask Effect: Towards an Efficient Implementation in the Context of SketchUp; PLEA, Design to Thrive: Edinburgh, Scotland, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Canan, F.; Tosunlar, M.B. The implementation of sustainable approach in the architectural design studio developing architectural designs using solar envelope methods. Iconarp Int. J. Archit. Plan. 2016, 4, 14–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Franco, R.; Beckers, B. A study of solar access in Bogotá: The Las Nieves neighborhood. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Urban Physics, Quito–Galápagos, Ecuador, 25 September–2 October 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Bruce, G. High Density, Low Energy: Achieving Useful Solar Access for Dublin’s Multi-Storey Apartment Developments; PLEA: Dublin, Ireland, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Saleh, M.M.; Al-Hagla, K. Parametric Urban Comfort Envelope: An Approach towards a Responsive Sustainable Urban Morphology. In Proceedings of the ICSAUD 2012: International Conference on Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design, Venice, Italy, 14–16 November 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Saleh, M.M.; Al-hagla, K.S. Parametric urban comfort envelope: An approach toward a responsive sustainable urban morphology. Int. J. Civ. Environ. Struct. Constr. Archit. Eng. 2012, 6, 930–937. [Google Scholar]
- Noble, D.; Kensek, K. Computer generated solar envelopes in architecture. J. Archit. 1998, 3, 117–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Camporeale, P. Genetic algorithms applied to urban growth optimizing solar radiation. In Proceedings of the PLEA 2013 29th Conference Sustainable Architecture for a Renewable Future, Munich, Germany, 10–12 September 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Camporeale, P. Genetic algorthims applied to urban growth optimization. In Proceedings of the eCAADe Computation and Performance 2013, Delft, The Netherlands, 18–20 September 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Sorayaei, T.; Sorayaei, Z. An integrated approach to climate conscious urban design using solar envelope concept. Palma J. 2017, 16, 322–330. [Google Scholar]
- Jaff, A.A.M. Solar envelope method and consideration of the effectiveness of construction density and settlement in Konya. J. Sol. Energy Res. 2017, 2, 27–31. [Google Scholar]
- Mert, Y.; Saygin, N. Energetic and Exergetic Design Evaluations of a Building Block Based on a Hybrid Solar Envelope Method. In Exergy for a Better Environment and Improved Sustainability; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Grermany, 2018; pp. 515–531. [Google Scholar]
- Nazer, H.; Rodrigues, L. Solar access in high density urban developments: A representative case in Matlock. In Proceedings of the PLEA 2015, Bologna, Italy, 9–11 September 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Capeluto, I.G.; Yezioro, A.; Bleiberg, T.; Shaviv, E. Solar rights in the design of urban spaces. In Proceedings of the 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Geneva, Switzerland, 6–8 September 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Pereira, F.O.R.; Silva, C.A.N. A proposal for the implementation of the solar envelope in urban planning as a concept for regulating the occupation of urban area. In Proceedings of the PLEA 98—The 15th International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Lisbon, Portugal, June 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Pereira, F.O.R.; Silva, C.A.N. Sunlighting in the urban design: A computer-based method for solar and sky vault obstruction control. In Proceedings of the PLEA 96—The 13th International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, July 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Pereira, F.O.R.; Silva, C.A.N.; Turkienikz, B. A methodology for sunlight urban planning: A computer-based solar and sky vault obstruction analysis. Sol. Energy 2001, 70, 217–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turkienicz, B.; Goncalves, B.B.; Grazziotin, P. CityZoom:A Visualization Tool for the assessment of planning regulations. Int. J. Archit. Comput. 2008, 6, 79–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grazziotin, P.C.; Pereira, F.O.R.; Freitas, C.M.D.S.; Turkienicz, B. Integration of Sunlight Access Control to Building Potential Simulator; The Ibero-American Symposium on Computer Graphics: Guimaraes, Portugal, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Amaral, M.D.G.V.D. The application of solar architecture in the planning of the campus. In Proceedings of the 2005 World Sustainable Building Conference, Tokyo, Japan, 27–29 September 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Paramita, B.; Koerniawan, M. Solar envelope assessment in tropical region building case study: Vertical settlement in Bandung, Indonesia. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Future for Human Security SUSTAIN 2012, Kyoto, Japan, 3–5 November 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Emmanuel, R. A hypothetical ‘shadow umbrella’ for thermal comfort enhancement in the equatorial urban outdoors. Archit. Sci. Rev. 1993, 36, 173–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Emmanuel, R.; Rosenlund, H.; Johansson, E. Urban shading—A design option for the tropics? A study in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Int. J. Climatol. 2007, 27, 1995–2004. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dekay, M. Daylighting and urban form: An urban fabric of light. J. Archit. Plan. Res. 2010, 27, 35–56. [Google Scholar]
- Dekay, M. Climatic urban design: Configuring the urban fabric to support daylighting, passive cooling, and solar heating. Sustain. City Vii 2012, 155, 619–630. [Google Scholar]
- Okeil, A. A holistic approach to energy efficient building forms. Energy Build. 2010, 42, 1437–1444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okeil, A. In Search for Energy Efficient Urban Forms: The Residential Solar Block. In Proceedings of the Building for the Future: The 16th CIB World Building Congress 2004, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2–7 May 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Raboudi, K.; Saci, A.B. Conditions of satisfaction of the solar control box constraints. J. Civ. Eng. Archit. 2018, 12, 685–693. [Google Scholar]
- Raboudi, K.; Belkaid, A.; Saci, A.B. Satisfaction of the solar bounding box constraints. In Proceedings of the 28th International PLEA Conference, Lima, Peru, 7–9 November 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Juyal, M.; Kensek, K.; Knowles, R. SolCAD: 3 D Spatial Design Tool Tool to Generate Solar Envelope. In Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture, Indianapolis, IN, USA, 24–27 October 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Niemasz, J.; Sargent, J.; Reinhart, C.F. Solar Zoning and Energy in Detached Dwellings. Environ. Plan. B: Urban Anal. City Sci. 2013, 40, 801–813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Luca, F. Solar form Finding. In Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture: Disciplines and Disruption, ACADIA, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2–4 November 2017. [Google Scholar]
- De Luca, F.; Dogan, T. A novel solar envelopes method based on solar ordinances for urban planning. Build. Simul. 2019, 12, 817–834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Darmon, I. Voxel computational morphogenesis in urban context: Proposition and analysis of rules-based generative algorithms considering solar access. In Proceedings of the Conference on Advanced Building Skins, Bern, Switzerland, 26–27 October 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Kristl, Ž.; Krainer, A. Site layout as a function of shading in Karst region. In Proceedings of the International Conference “Passive and Low Energy Cooling for the Built Environment, Santorini, Greece, 19–21 May 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Kristl, Ž.; Krainer, A. PIRAMIDA, The solar envelope tool. In Proceedings of the TIA Teaching in Architecture Conference, Krems, Austria, 14–15 September 2007. [Google Scholar]
- White, M. Informing an Integrated and Sustainable Urbanism through Rapid, Defragmented Analysis and Design. Ph.D. Thesis, School of Architecture and Design, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Siret, D.; Houpert, S. A geometrical framework for solving sunlighting problems within CAD systems. Energy Build. 2004, 36, 343–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Betti, G.; Arrighi, S. A differential growth approach to solar envelope generation in complex urban environments. In Proceedings of the PLEA 2017 33rd PLEA International Conference—Design to Thrive, Edinburgh, Scotland, 3–5 July 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Anderson, K. Design Energy Simulation for Architects; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Luque, A.S.; de Luca, F. Solar Toolbox. food4Rhino. 26 October 2019. Available online: https://www.food4rhino.com/app/solar-toolbox (accessed on 10 February 2020).
- Alkadri, M.F.; Turrin, M.; Sariyildiz, S. The use and potential applications of point clouds in simulation of solar radiation for solar access in urban contexts. Adv. Comput. Des. 2018, 3, 319–338. [Google Scholar]
- Koester, R.J. The fundamentals of integrating “the commons”: Application as community tissue or urban implant. Renew. Energy 1994, 5, 1015–1020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maïzia, M.; Sèze, C.; Berge, S.; Teller, J.; Reiter, S.; Ménard, R. Energy requirements of characteristics urban blocks. In Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference- Renewables in a changing climate—From nanto to urban scale, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2–3 September 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Ratti, C.; Morello, E. Sunscapes: Extending the ‘solar envelopes’ concept through ‘iso-solar surfaces’. In Proceedings of the 22nd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Beirut, Lebanon, 13–16 November 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Ratti, C.; Richens, P. Raster analysis of urban form. Environ. Plan. B: Plan. Des. 2004, 31, 297–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Literature | Context * | Input Parameters | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geographic Properties | Climatic Properties | ||||||||||||||||||
Longitude | Latitude | Orientation | Court yard | Surrounding Facade Facades | Sidewalk | SBH ** | FAR | Setback | Shadow Fences | Street | Profile Angle | Cut-off-times | DBT *** | Sun Path | Solar Azimuth | Solar Altitude | Sun Access Duration | ||
No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
Descriptive Geometry (DG) | |||||||||||||||||||
[40,41,42] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||
[43] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||
[44] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
[45,46] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
[47] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[48] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[49] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[50] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
[51] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
[52] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[53] | − | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||
[54,55] | − | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
[56] | − | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[57,58] | − | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[59] | − | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||
[60] | − | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
[61] | − | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||
[62] | − | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
Solar Obstruction Angle (SOA) | |||||||||||||||||||
[63] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[33] | − | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[64,65,66] | − | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[67,68] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
[69] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
[70] | − | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[71,72] | +/− | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
[73,74] | − | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[75,76] | − | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||
Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) | |||||||||||||||||||
[35,77,78] | +/− | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[30,34] | − | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||||
[36] | − | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[39] | − | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
[37,79] | − | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
[38,80] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||||
[81] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[82] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[83] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[84,85] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||
[15,86] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||
[87] | − | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||
[88] | + | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Literature | Digital Tools | Computational Criteria | Case Studies | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Architectural Scales | Functional Utilities | |||||||||||||
Housing | ||||||||||||||
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | ||
Descriptive Geometry (DG) | ||||||||||||||
[40,41,42] | SustArc | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[43] | Rhino, Grasshopper (Ladybug) | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[44] | - | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[45,46] | CAD | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[47] | - | ● | ● | |||||||||||
[48] | Rhino, Grasshopper (Ladybug, Octopus) | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[49] | Rhino, Grasshopper (Ladybug) | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[50] | T4SU, Sketchup, GIS | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[51] | AutoCAD | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[52] | Heliodon, Ecotect | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||
[53] | TAS (EDSL v. 9.09) | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[54,55] | Rhino, Grasshopper, Diva, Ecotect, Vasari | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[56] | CalcSolar (Autolisp)- Autocad | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[57,58] | Rhino, Grasshopper, Ecotect, Galapagos | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[59] | - | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
[60] | AutoCAD, Sketchup, 3D Max | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
[61] | - | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[62] | Autodesk | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||
Solar Obstruction Angle (SOA) | ||||||||||||||
[63] | - | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||
[33] | The Obstrucao 1.0 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[64,65,66] | MascaraW | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[67,68] | CityZoom (Block magic 3D) | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||
[69] | - | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||
[70] | Envi-met (thermal analysis), PMV | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[71,72] | CAD-Microstation | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[73,74] | BRADA | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[75,76] | City SHADOWS, Envi-met | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
Constructive Solar Geometry (CSG) | ||||||||||||||
[35,77,78] | Solar envelopes tools + BSK | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[30,34] | AutoCAD 2000 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[36] | CalcSolar (Autolisp)-Autocad | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
[39] | GIS, EnergyPlus 8.1 | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[37] | Form.Z | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||||
[79] | SolCAD | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[38,80] | Rhino, Grasshopper, EnergyPlus | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[81] | Rhino, Grasshopper, Ladybug | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[82] | Rhino, Grasshopper, Ladybug | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||
[83] | Rhino, Grasshopper, Ladybug | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[84,85] | PIRAMIDA | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||||||||
[15,86] | Autodesk’s 3dsmax™ | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||
[87] | AutoCAD | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||||||||
[88] | Rhino, Grasshopper, Ladybug | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● |
No. | Qualities | Knowledge Gaps | Future Directions |
---|---|---|---|
1. | 3D contextual model | Limited discussion on covering contextual geometries | DEM (digital elevation modeling) Point cloud data |
Limited understanding of site characteristics information | |||
2. | Climatic properties | Predominantly based on four-season countries | Tropical countries |
The objective is to collect direct sunlight | The objective is to avoid direct sun access | ||
Predefined period only relies on cut-off times | Consider sun visibility on each period | ||
3. | Geometric configuration | Limited results on final geometry of solar envelopes | Multi objective optimization |
Limited performance criteria | Integrate multi performance criteria (e.g., material) | ||
Focuses only on 3D mass of solar envelopes | Explore performance configuration of the layout of the building’s interior. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Alkadri, M.F.; De Luca, F.; Turrin, M.; Sariyildiz, S. Understanding Computational Methods for Solar Envelopes Based on Design Parameters, Tools, and Case Studies: A Review. Energies 2020, 13, 3302. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133302
Alkadri MF, De Luca F, Turrin M, Sariyildiz S. Understanding Computational Methods for Solar Envelopes Based on Design Parameters, Tools, and Case Studies: A Review. Energies. 2020; 13(13):3302. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133302
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlkadri, Miktha Farid, Francesco De Luca, Michela Turrin, and Sevil Sariyildiz. 2020. "Understanding Computational Methods for Solar Envelopes Based on Design Parameters, Tools, and Case Studies: A Review" Energies 13, no. 13: 3302. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133302