Microgrid as a Cost-Effective Alternative to Rural Network Underground Cabling for Adequate Reliability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- participation in demand response programs;
- export of on-site generation to the electricity grid;
- reduced costs as a result of added resiliency against outages and lost loads;
- participation in local microgrid energy markets.
2. Distribution Networks, Reliability, and Microgrids—Formation of the Case Studies
2.1. Distribution Network Reliability and Underground Cabling
2.2. Microgrid Case Studies
2.3. Electricity Market Data
3. Electricity Supply Adequacy Assessment in Microgrids during Network Outages
3.1. Microgrid Operation under Normal State
3.2. Microgrid Operation during Network Outage
4. Overall Economic Comparison and Economic Influence on Stakeholders
4.1. Calculations for the Overall Economic Comparison
4.1.1. Underground Cabling Option
4.1.2. Microgrid Option
4.2. Economic Influence on the Relevant Stakeholders
4.2.1. Distribution System Operator
4.2.2. Consumers/Prosumers
4.2.3. State
5. Microgrid Data and Specifics for the Case Studies
5.1. Electricity Consumption
5.2. BESS Units
5.3. PV Production
5.4. Micro-CHP Production
6. Case Study Results
6.1. Analysis of Reliability of Power Supply
6.2. Calculations for Economic Comparison
7. Discussion
8. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Mandatory Farm Gen-Set: | ||
---|---|---|
Cinv,gs | Investment cost for mandatory gen-set | 4000 € |
Lgs | Expected lifetime/investment period | 10 a |
Cable Investment Data: | ||
Cinv,cab | Investment cost for MV (20 kV) cable 1 | 55,000 €/km |
Cinv,cab | Investment cost for LV (0.4 kV) cable 1 | 35,000 €/km |
xcab | Cable length used in the investment | 10 km |
Lcab | Expected lifetime/investment period | 40 a |
PV: | ||
---|---|---|
PPV,f | Farm PV rated power | 50 kWp |
PPV,h | Detached-house PV rated power | 5 kWp |
LPV | Expected lifetime/investment period | 30 a |
Cinv,PV,f | Investment cost for 50 kWp PV (10–250 kW cost level) | 60,000 € |
Cinv,PV,h | Investment cost for 5 kWp PV (few kW cost level) | 10,000 € |
CHP: | ||
PCHP,el | CHP rated electrical power | 40 kW |
(PCHP,TOT: 140 kW; PCHP,heat: 100 kW) | ||
ECHP,ann | Annual electricity produced in the study year | 150 MWh/a |
CHP power plant investment cost | 400,000 € | |
Cinv,CHP | Electricity share of CHP plant investment cost | 114,285 € |
LCHP | Expected lifetime/investment period | 30 a |
Cfuel | Approximated annual cost for fuel (wood chips) | 2800 € |
Cmaint | Estimate for other annual maintenance costs | 1000 € |
BESS: | ||
Pmax,BESS | Maximum power for charging/discharging | 100 kW |
Emax, BESS | Maximum/nominal charge | 200 kWh |
LBESS | Expected lifetime/investment period | 10 a |
Cinv,BESS | Investment cost for the BES (100 kW; 200 kWh) | 144,000 € |
FCR-D Reserve Market Data for the Study Cases: | ||
pFCR-D | FCR-D reserve capacity market price for annual agreements in 2017 | 4.7 €/MW,h |
PBES,FCR-D | BES capacity available to FCR-D reserve market | 100 kW |
TBES,FCR-D | Availability of BES for FCR-D reserve market | 7000 h |
Retail Electricity Costs: | ||
---|---|---|
Cel.ret | Retail electricity price for consumer | 0.05 €/kWh |
Cel.trans | Electricity distribution price for consumer | 0.065 €/kWh |
Cel.sold | Price paid for sold electricity for prosumer | 0.027 €/kWh |
Cel.s.tr | Electricity transmission price for prosumer | 0.0007 €/kWh |
tel | Electricity tax (included in electricity distribution fee) | 0.02253 €/kWh |
Economics Calculation Parameters: | ||
r | Interest rate | 2% |
s | Value-added tax | 24% |
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Case Study | Consumption (kWh/a) | Production (kWh/a) |
---|---|---|
Farm | 275,028 | 192,288 |
Detached house | 14,119 | 4229 |
Capability Duration | Farm | Detached House | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Occurrences | % of year | Number of Occurrences | % of year | |
<12 h | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
12 to <24 h | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
24 h to <2 days | 0 | 0.0% | 272 | 3.1% |
2 to <3 days | 87 | 1.0% | 593 | 6.8% |
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Uski, S.; Rinne, E.; Sarsama, J. Microgrid as a Cost-Effective Alternative to Rural Network Underground Cabling for Adequate Reliability. Energies 2018, 11, 1978. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11081978
Uski S, Rinne E, Sarsama J. Microgrid as a Cost-Effective Alternative to Rural Network Underground Cabling for Adequate Reliability. Energies. 2018; 11(8):1978. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11081978
Chicago/Turabian StyleUski, Sanna, Erkka Rinne, and Janne Sarsama. 2018. "Microgrid as a Cost-Effective Alternative to Rural Network Underground Cabling for Adequate Reliability" Energies 11, no. 8: 1978. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11081978
APA StyleUski, S., Rinne, E., & Sarsama, J. (2018). Microgrid as a Cost-Effective Alternative to Rural Network Underground Cabling for Adequate Reliability. Energies, 11(8), 1978. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11081978