Emission Factors and Energy Properties of Agro and Forest Biomass in Aspect of Sustainability of Energy Sector
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biomass Sample
2.2. Physical Properties of Biomasses
2.2.1. Proximate Analysis
2.2.2. Calorific Value
2.2.3. Combustible Solid Fractions (Fixed Carbon)
2.3. Fuel Ratio
2.4. CHNSO Analysis
2.5. Determination of Emission Factors
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Results of Technical and Elemental Analysis
3.2. Emission Factors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The highest calorific value in the research was recorded for oat grain 15.73 MJ·kg−1 and then for wheat straw, larch needles and rapeseed pods (14.25 MJ·kg−1). Research has shown that such a distribution is mainly related to the content of carbon in biomass. In addition, the examined biomass showed the FR indicator at a similar level, which allows to conclude on the similarity of the studied biofuels as well as the high content of volatile parts and low content of fixed coal.
- The research showed that the analysed biomass had an ash content of 0.54% for larch needles up to 9.94% for rapeseed pods. Such ballast content allows for a positive evaluation of the examined biomass in the context of its use for energy purposes and contribution to sustainable development, combining the high energy potential of the tested materials with low emission levels.
- Estimated emission factors for the studied biomass show lower emissions of 31–41% CO, 30–39% CO2, 22–55% NOx, 95–97% SO2 and 47–97% dust relative to hard coal. This provides the basis for a positive assessment of this kind of biomass as green fuel and confirms that the tested biofuels will be included in the assumptions of sustainable development.
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Wheat Straw | Oat Grain | Larch Needles | Rapeseed Pods | F Test | p-Value | Fw Test | pw-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GCV ± Sx (MJ·kg−1) | 16.6a ± 0.00 | 17.16ab ± 0.00 | 16.83b ± 0.00 | 15.48b ± 0.00 | 7.71 | 0.02 | - | - |
NCV ± Sx (MJ·kg−1) | 15.32a ± 0.22 | 15.73ab ± 0.00 | 15.3b ± 0.00 | 14.25b ± 0.00 | 7.71 | 0.02 | - | - |
C ± Sx (%) | 41.04c ± 0.08 | 41.86b ± 0.23 | 45.73a ± 0.03 | 39.23d ± 0.13 | 871.47 | <0.01 | 3616.17 | <0.01 |
H ± Sx (%) | 5.59b ± 0.13 | 6.53a ± 0.06 | 5.81b ± 0.02 | 5.62c ± 0.03 | 90.7 | <0.01 | ||
N ± Sx (%) | 0.52d ± 0.01 | 1.53a ± 0.04 | 0.91b ± 0.06 | 0.61c ± 0.04 | 376.37 | <0.01 | 665.83 | <0.01 |
S ± Sx (%) | 0.07d ± 0.00 | 0.11b ± 0.00 | 0.09c ± 0.00 | 0.54a ± 0.00 | 45.50 | <0.01 | - | - |
O ± Sx (%) | 36.36a ± 011 | 35.46b ± 0.31 | 32.52c ± 0.10 | 31.67d ± 0.48 | 175.93 | <0.01 | - | - |
W (%) | 8.05 | 11.81 | 14.41 | 12.39 | - | - | - | - |
A ± Sx (%) | 8.37b ± 0.23 | 2.71c ± 0.02 | 0.54d ± 0.02 | 9.94a ± 0.34 | 91797.3 | <0.01 | 75079.1 | <0.01 |
V ± Sx (%) | 68.65c ± 0.47 | 69.71b ± 0.22 | 71.72a ± 0.25 | 68.27d ± 0.68 | 70.13 | <0.01 | 65.48 | <0.01 |
FC (%) | 15.08a ± 0.47 | 15.77a ± 0.24 | 13.34b ± 0.24 | 9.40c ± 0.39 | 192.74 | <0.01 | 156.61 | <0.01 |
FR | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.19 | 0.14 | - | - | - | - |
Material | CO | CO2 | NOx | SO2 | EDust |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
wheat straw | 50.57 | 1238.24 | 1.83 | 0.14 | 10.56 |
oat grain | 51.58 | 1262.98 | 5.39 | 0.16 | 3.43 |
larch needles | 56.34 | 1379.53 | 3.20 | 0.18 | 0.68 |
rapeseed pods | 48.33 | 1183.53 | 2.16 | 0.21 | 12.56 |
hard coal [29] | 82.01 | 1969 | 4.09 | 5.2 | 23.57 |
Material | CO | CO2 | NOx | SO2 | EDust |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
wheat straw | 2.87 | 60.35 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.60 |
oat grain | 2.93 | 61.76 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.19 |
larch needles | 3.20 | 68.38 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
rapeseed pods | 2.75 | 57.25 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.71 |
hard coal [29] | 3.83 | 70.87 | 0.04 | 0.28 | 1.14 |
Parameters | Acacia | Pine | Rape Straw | Miscanthus | Wheat Straw | Sunflower Husk |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C (%) | 49.1 | 51.2 | 41.38 | 46.30 | 48.5 | 43.87 |
H (%) | 6.40 | 6.77 | 5.20 | 5.93 | 5.5 | 6.29 |
N (%) | 0.121 | 0.0134 | 0.57 | 0.362 | 0.3 | 1.57 |
S (%) | 0.01 | 0 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.1 | 0.03 |
O (%) | 44.38 | 38.66 | 38.24 | 45.57 | 3.9 | - |
V (%) | 82.26 | 71.34 | 68.85 | 84.10 | 59 | - |
A (%) | 0.22 | 0.13 | 4.98 | 2.55 | 4 | 2.12 |
FC (%) | 10.36 | 5.68 | - | 6.77 | 21 | - |
GCV (MJ·kg−1) | 18.1 | 19.2 | 16.71 | 17.5 | 17.3 | 17.9 |
NCV (MJ·kg−1) | - | - | 15.34 | - | 12.3 | 16.27 |
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Maj, G. Emission Factors and Energy Properties of Agro and Forest Biomass in Aspect of Sustainability of Energy Sector. Energies 2018, 11, 1516. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061516
Maj G. Emission Factors and Energy Properties of Agro and Forest Biomass in Aspect of Sustainability of Energy Sector. Energies. 2018; 11(6):1516. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061516
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaj, Grzegorz. 2018. "Emission Factors and Energy Properties of Agro and Forest Biomass in Aspect of Sustainability of Energy Sector" Energies 11, no. 6: 1516. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11061516