The Influence of the Use of Windrowers in Baler Machinery on the Energy Balance during Pruned Biomass Harvesting in the Apple Orchard
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site, Experimental Design, and Data Collection
2.2. Pruned Biomass Characterisation and Productivity
2.3. Energy Analysis
2.4. Cost Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Pruned Biomass Characterisation and Productivity
3.2. Energy Analysis
3.3. Cost Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DM | dry mass |
DE | direct energy |
EB | energy balance |
EI | energy intensity |
EIF | energy input flow |
EIS | energy input share |
EOF | energy output flow |
EP | energy productivity |
EROI | energy return on investment |
EU-28 | 28 member states that belong to the European Union |
FM | fresh mass |
HHV | higher heating value |
IDE | indirect energy |
LHV | lower heating value |
MC | moisture content |
O&M | operation and maintenance |
PtE | pruning to energy |
PTO | power take-off |
PB | pruning biomass yield |
SMH | scheduled machine hours |
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Operation/Action | Biomass Harvesting in Orchard 1 | Biomass Harvesting in Orchard 2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without Windrowers | With Windrowers | Without Windrowers | With Windrowers | ||||||
Machine | Tractor | Baler | Tractor | Baler | Tractor | Baler | Tractor | Baler | |
Unit | MF4270 | PRB1.75 | MF4270 | PRB1.75 | MF4270 | PRB1.75 | MF4270 | PRB1.75 | |
Investment | € | 30,000 | 27,000 | 30,000 | 28,500 | 30,000 | 27,000 | 30,000 | 28,500 |
Power | kW | 84.0 | 0 | 84.0 | 0 | 84.0 | 0 | 84.0 | 0 |
Service life | years | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Crew | no. | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Labor cost | €·SMH−1 | 19 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 19 | 0 |
Usage | SMH·year−1 | 1500 | 550 | 1500 | 550 | 1500 | 550 | 1500 | 550 |
Fixed cost | €·SMH−1 | 2.4 | 5.6 | 2.4 | 5.6 | 2.4 | 5.9 | 2.4 | 5.9 |
Variable cost | €·SMH−1 | 26.68 | 2.90 | 27.22 | 3.04 | 26.81 | 2.90 | 27.49 | 3.04 |
Overheads (20%) | €·SMH−1 | 5.82 | 1.70 | 5.92 | 1.79 | 5.84 | 1.70 | 5.98 | 1.79 |
Unit cost | €·SMH−1 | 34.89 | 10.20 | 35.54 | 10.74 | 35.05 | 10.20 | 35.86 | 10.74 |
Total cost | €·SMH−1 | 45.09 | 46.28 | 45.25 | 46.60 |
Parameter | Unit | Biomass Harvesting in Orchard 1 | Biomass Harvesting in Orchard 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without Windrowers | With Windrowers | Without Windrowers | With Windrowers | ||
Productivity | tFM·SMH−1 | 3.05 | 3.15 | 3.15 | 3.27 |
tDM·SMH−1 | 1.64 | 1.69 | 1.76 | 1.82 | |
Pruning biomass yield (PB) | tFM·ha−1 | 3.31 | 4.15 | 2.89 | 3.85 |
tDM·ha−1 | 1.78 | 2.23 | 1.61 | 2.15 | |
Pruning capacity | SMH·ha−1 | 1.09 | 1.32 | 0.92 | 1.18 |
ha·SMH−1 | 0.92 | 0.76 | 1.09 | 0.85 | |
Harvesting losses | % | 37.3 | 22.1 | 41.3 | 20.9 |
tFM·ha−1 | 1.97 | 1.18 | 2.03 | 1.02 | |
Theoretical potential | tFM·ha−1 | 5.28 | 5.33 | 4.92 | 4.87 |
Theoretical productivity | tFM·SMH−1 | 4.86 | 4.04 | 5.37 | 4.13 |
Moisture content, MC | % | 46.30 | 44.25 | ||
Lower heating value, LHV | MJ·kg−1FM | 8.53 | 9.02 | ||
MJ·kg−1DM | 17.98 | 18.12 |
Biomass Harvesting in Orchard 1 | Biomass Harvesting in Orchard 2 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tractor | Baler | Tractor | Baler | Tractor | Baler | Tractor | Baler | |||
MF4270 | PRB1.75 | MF4270 | PRB1.75 | MF4270 | PRB1.75 | MF4270 | PRB1.75 | |||
Without Windrowers | With Windrowers | Without Windrowers | With Windrowers | |||||||
Direct Input | Fossil product (diesel) | kg | 2146 | 0 | 2837 | 0 | 1854 | 0 | 2638 | 0 |
Energetic value (diesel) | MJ·kg−1 | 51.5 | 51.5 | 51.5 | 51.5 | 51.5 | 51.5 | 51.5 | 51.5 | |
Energy input (diesel) | MJ | 110512 | 0 | 146083 | 0 | 95502 | 0 | 135878 | 0 | |
Fossil product (lubricant) | kg | 42.9 | 42.9 | 56.7 | 52.1 | 37.1 | 36.3 | 52.8 | 46.6 | |
Energetic value (lubricant) | MJ·kg−1 | 83.7 | 83.7 | 83.7 | 83.7 | 83.7 | 83.7 | 83.7 | 83.7 | |
Energy input (lubricant) | MJ | 3592 | 3592 | 4748 | 4361 | 3104 | 3037 | 4417 | 3897 | |
Indirect Input | Mass | kg | 3880 | 3300 | 3880 | 3300 | 3880 | 3300 | 3880 | 3300 |
Energetic value | MJ·kg−1 | 92 | 69 | 92 | 69 | 92 | 69 | 92 | 69 | |
Total energy input | MJ | 356960 | 227700 | 356960 | 227700 | 356960 | 227700 | 356960 | 227700 | |
Service life | SMH | 15000 | 5500 | 15000 | 5500 | 15000 | 5500 | 15000 | 5500 | |
Harvesting time | SMH | 564 | 564 | 685 | 685 | 477 | 477 | 612 | 612 | |
Energy input | MJ | 13429 | 23363 | 16303 | 28362 | 11353 | 19751 | 14569 | 25346 |
Biomass Harvesting in Orchard 1 | Biomass Harvesting in Orchard 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without Windrowers | With Windrowers | Without Windrowers | With Windrowers | |||
Direct Output | Pruning biomass yield | tDM | 712 | 892 | 644 | 860 |
LHV (dry mass) | MJ·kg−1 | 17.98 | 17.98 | 18.12 | 18.12 | |
Energy output | GJ | 12 783 | 16 028 | 11 678 | 15 557 |
Parameter | Unit | Biomass Harvesting in Orchard 1 | Biomass Harvesting in Orchard 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without Windrowers | With Windrowers | Without Windrowers | With Windrowers | |||
Total Energy Input (direct + indirect) | GJ·ha−1 | 0.39 | 0.50 | 0.33 | 0.46 | |
Pruning energy output | GJ·ha−1 | 31.96 | 40.07 | 29.19 | 38.89 | |
EB | Energy balance (net energy) | GJ·ha−1 | 31.57 | 39.57 | 28.86 | 38.43 |
EIS | Energy input share | % | 1.21 | 1.25 | 1.14 | 1.18 |
EROI | Energy return on investment (energy ratio) | - | 82.75 | 80.20 | 87.97 | 84.50 |
EP | Energy production (productivity) | kgFM·MJ−1 | 8.57 | 8.31 | 8.71 | 8.36 |
kgDM·MJ−1 | 4.60 | 4.46 | 4.85 | 4.66 | ||
EI | Energy Intensity (energy specific) | MJ·t−1FM | 116.7 | 120.4 | 114.8 | 119.6 |
MJ·t−1DM | 217.3 | 224.2 | 206.0 | 214.4 |
Biomass Harvesting in Orchard 1 | Biomass Harvesting in Orchard 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without Windrowers | With Windrowers | Without Windrowers | With Windrowers | ||
Harvesting and Baling | €·SMH−1 | 45.09 | 46.28 | 45.25 | 46.60 |
€·ha−1 | 48.93 | 60.97 | 41.52 | 54.87 | |
€·t−1FM | 14.78 | 14.69 | 14.37 | 14.25 | |
€·t−1DM | 27.53 | 27.36 | 25.77 | 25.56 | |
Bale (pruning) price | €·t−1DM | 90.0 | 90.0 | 90.0 | 90.0 |
Income (prunings residues selling) | €·ha−1 | 160.0 | 200.6 | 145.0 | 193.2 |
Profit net | €·ha−1 | 111.0 | 139.6 | 103.5 | 138.3 |
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Dyjakon, A. The Influence of the Use of Windrowers in Baler Machinery on the Energy Balance during Pruned Biomass Harvesting in the Apple Orchard. Energies 2018, 11, 3236. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113236
Dyjakon A. The Influence of the Use of Windrowers in Baler Machinery on the Energy Balance during Pruned Biomass Harvesting in the Apple Orchard. Energies. 2018; 11(11):3236. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113236
Chicago/Turabian StyleDyjakon, Arkadiusz. 2018. "The Influence of the Use of Windrowers in Baler Machinery on the Energy Balance during Pruned Biomass Harvesting in the Apple Orchard" Energies 11, no. 11: 3236. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113236