Financing the Renovation of the Cypriot Building Stock: An Assessment of the Energy Saving Potential of Different Policy Scenarios Based on the Invert/EE-Lab Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current Context in Cyprus
2.1. Policy Framework on Energy Efficiency
2.2. Building Stock
2.2.1. Residential Building Stock
2.2.2. Non-Residential Building Stock
2.3. Discussion
3. Methods
3.1. About Building Stock Modelling
3.2. Application of Invert/EE-Lab Model
- describe the building stock, heating, cooling, and domestic hot water systems on highly disaggregated level;
- calculate the related energy needs and delivered energy based on technical calculation procedures (Austrian implementation of the EN 13790 and 15603);
- determine reinvestment cycles for different building components and technologies using Weibull distribution-based survival curves;
- simulate the decisions of various agents (i.e., owner types) in case that an investment decision is due for a specific building segment.
3.3. Policy Scenarios
- Tax income credit with which landlords can deduct a share of the cost of acquiring/installing certain EE measures against their income tax (Policy 10).
- Gradually increasing minimum energy performance requirement (no worse than Class E by 2025 and no worse than Class D by 2030) when a property is rented out (Policy 11).
- Reduction of VAT rate from 19% to 5% for energy efficiency investments including technologies and labour costs (Policy 12).
- To demonstrate the feasibility of building designs which are of more ambitious levels than the current NZEB levels, a grant for new ZEB/PEB is introduced (Policy 13).
4. Modelling Results
- Scenario 1 would increase the share of moderately renovated buildings and standard new constructions from 12.7% to 16.5% in 2030 and from 22.6% to 29.4% in 2050;
- Scenario 1 would increase the share of deeply renovated buildings and very efficient new construction from 5.8% to 7.9% in 2030 and from 10% to 13.5% in 2050;
- Scenario 2 would increase the share of moderately renovated buildings and standard new constructions to 18.3% in 2030 and to 39.6% in 2050;
- Scenario 2 would increase the share of deeply renovated buildings and very efficient new constructions to 9.2% in 2030 and to 20.5% in 2050.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Details | Building Codes | Information Tools | Financial Measures | Education & Training |
---|---|---|---|---|
Main policy measures | a. Minimum energy performance requirements in new and existing buildings b. Nearly Zero Energy Buildings | a. Energy performance certification scheme b. Energy audits | a. Grants for EE & renewables b. Grants for PV instalment and NET metering c. Grants “I save—I upgrade” | a. Qualified energy experts b. Energy auditors c. Energy managers d. Energy service providers |
Decree references | a. 568/2007, 446/2009, 432/2013, 119/2016 b. 366/2014 | a. 433/2013, 71/2016 b. 437/2015 | - | a. 164/2016, 419/2015, 309/2017 b. 184/2012 c. 344/2016 d. 210/2014 |
Target group | a. New constructions and major renovations b. New constructions | a. Building owners, tenants, occupants b. Industry, SME actors | a. Households, companies, public entitiesb. Householdsc. Households, companies, public entities | a. Licenced engineers/architects with min 3-year work experience b. Licenced engineers with min 3-year work experience c. Professionals with relevant experience d. Energy service companies and other energy-related professionals |
Impl. period | a. 2008– b. 2020– | a. 2013– b. 2015– | a. 2004–2013 b. 2013–2020 c. 2014–2020 | a. 2013– b. 2012– c. 2016– d. 2014– |
Requirements | 2007 | 2009 | 2013 | 2017 | 2020 (NZEB) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Max U-value of walls [W/m2K] | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.72 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
Max U-value of roofs [W/m2K] | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.63 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
Max U-value of floors [W/m2K] | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
Max U-value of windows [W/m2K] | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.23 | 2.9 | 2.25 |
Maximum U-mean [W/m2K] | - | 1.3–1.8 | 1.3–1.8 * | - | - |
Max window shading coefficient [−] | - | - | 0.63 | 0.63 | - |
Installation provisions | - | RES | RES | - | - |
Min share of PEC to be covered by RES | - | - | 3% (n-res) | 3–25% (res) * 7% (n-res) * | 25% * |
Max mean installed lighting power (offices) [W/m2] | - | - | - | 10 * | 10 * |
Minimum Energy Class | - | Class B | Class B | Class B * | Class A * |
Max energy demand for heating (res) [kWh/m2] | - | - | - | - | 15 * |
Max primary energy consumption [kWh/m2] | - | - | - | - | 100 (res) * 125 (n-res) * |
Main Elements | Grant Scheme 2004–2013 | Grant Scheme 2014–2020 |
---|---|---|
Funding structure | Fund financed by a fee of EUR 0.50 c/kWh on electricity consumption for all final consumers | Cofinanced with EU Structural Funds |
Total available funding | EUR 100 million (corresponding to around 10 million/year) | EUR 31.8 million (corresponding to around 4–5 million per year) |
Targeted buildings | Owner-occupied residential buildings; Public sector buildings that exercise economic activity; Commercial buildings; Buildings of non-for-profit organisations | Residential buildings or building units part of an apartment building; Buildings owned or rented by SMEs |
Energy upgrade target | - | Class B, 40% energy savings, nZEB renovation |
Factors determining financial support | Technology type | Household income; Ambition of energy upgrade |
Main Intervention measures | Residential: Building envelope insulation; Solar thermal systems; PV systems Non-residential: Recovery of waste energy; Reduction of non-productive energy consumption and energy losses; Energy management systems; Automation; cogeneration system, Solar thermal systems; PV systems | Residential/Non-residential: Building envelope insulation; Window replacement; Energy efficiency boilers for space heating/domestic hot water; Geothermal heat pumps; Solar thermal systems; Biomass boilers; Efficient light bulbs; waste energy recovery systems; cogeneration systems; Smart meters; External removable or fixed shading; Energy efficient air conditioning systems (split units) |
Implementation body | Cyprus Institute of Energy | Ministry of Energy, Commerce, Industry and Transport |
Building Type | Age | Space Heating | Space Cooling | Water Heating | Lighting | Appliances | Cooking |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[kWh/m2] | [kWh/m2] | [kWh/m2] | [kWh/m2] | [kWh/m2] | [kWh/m2] | ||
Single family | Before 1981 | 54 | 72 | 23 | 8 | 20 | 6 |
1981–2006 | 40 | 54 | 18 | 7 | 15 | 4 | |
After 2006 | 36 | 50 | 15 | 6 | 14 | 4 | |
Row and Semidetached | Before 1981 | 59 | 58 | 23 | 9 | 21 | 6 |
1981–2006 | 43 | 44 | 18 | 7 | 16 | 4 | |
After 2006 | 39 | 40 | 15 | 6 | 15 | 4 | |
Apartment | Before 1981 | 45 | 105 | 23 | 8 | 19 | 6 |
1981–2006 | 33 | 84 | 18 | 6 | 15 | 4 | |
After 2006 | 30 | 76 | 15 | 6 | 13 | 4 | |
Other | Before 1981 | 56 | 53 | 23 | 4 | 8 | 0 |
1981–2006 | 41 | 41 | 18 | 3 | 8 | 0 | |
After 2006 | 37 | 38 | 15 | 3 | 7 | 0 |
Thermal System | Fuel | Single Family | Row & Semidetached | Apartment | Other | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heating | Central heating (kerosene): standard | oil | 33% | 32% | 15% | 2% |
Central heating (kerosene): condensing | oil | - | - | - | - | |
Room stoves (kerosene) | oil | 2% | 2% | 2% | 1% | |
Central heating (gas): standard | gas | 3% | 1% | 1% | - | |
Central heating (gas): condensing | gas | - | - | - | - | |
Room stoves (gas) | gas | 14% | 13% | 1- | 27% | |
Central heating (electric): standard HP | electricity | 3% | 4% | 5% | 1% | |
Central heating (electric): geothermal HP | electricity | - | - | - | - | |
Room fixed units (hot air): standard | electricity | 17% | 22% | 35% | 15% | |
Room fixed units (hot air): efficient | electricity | 4% | 5% | 9% | 4% | |
Room stoves (electric) | electricity | 9% | 1- | 12% | 22% | |
Room storage heaters (EAC) | electricity | 2% | 3% | 5% | - | |
Room Fireplace | biomass | 9% | 5% | 1% | 2% | |
Room solar heating system | - | - | - | - | 1% | |
No or other heating facilities | - | 2% | 2% | 5% | 7% | |
All | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | ||
Cooling | Central cooling (electric): standard HP | electricity | 3% | 4% | 5% | 1% |
Central cooling (electric): geothermal HP | electricity | - | - | - | - | |
Room fixed units (cold air): standard | electricity | 63% | 63% | 62% | 65% | |
Room fixed units (cold air): efficient | electricity | 16% | 16% | 15% | 16% | |
No or other cooling facilities | - | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | |
All | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
Building Type | Age | Space Heating | Space Cooling | Water Heating | Lighting |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Offices | Before 2006 | 80 | 171 | 5 | 44 |
After 2006 | 54 | 117 | 4 | 40 | |
Whole and Retail Sails Buildings | Before 2006 | 37 | 332 | 3 | 105 |
After 2006 | 25 | 226 | 2.5 | 95 | |
Hotels and Restaurants | Before 2006 | 104 | 170 | 110 | 55 |
After 2006 | 71 | 116 | 75 | 50 | |
Health Care | Before 2006 | 96 | 181 | 121 | 70 |
After 2006 | 66 | 123 | 83 | 65 | |
Education | Before 2006 | 35 | 55 | 7 | 35 |
After 2006 | 24 | 37 | 5 | 30 | |
Others | Before 2006 | 197 | 358 | 137 | 70 |
After 2006 | 134 | 244 | 93 | 65 |
Thermal System | Fuel | Off | SubRet | HotRest | Health | Edu | Other | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heating | Central heating (kerosene): stand. | oil | 41% | 11% | 43% | 31% | 86% | 41% |
Central heating (kerosene): conden. | oil | 1% | 1% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 1% | |
Room stoves (kerosene) | oil | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Central heating (gas): standard | gas | 4% | 1% | 10% | 4% | 3% | 6% | |
Central heating (gas): condensing | gas | - | - | 1% | - | - | - | |
Room stoves (gas) | gas | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Central heating (electric): stand. HP | elect. | 44% | 78% | 40% | 61% | 5% | 44% | |
Central heating (electric): geoth. HP | elect. | 1% | 1% | - | 1% | - | 1% | |
Room fixed units (hot air): standard | elect. | 6% | 4% | 3% | - | 2% | 4% | |
Room fixed units (hot air): efficient | elect. | 1% | - | 1% | - | - | 1% | |
Room stoves (electric) | elect. | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Room storage heaters (EAC) | elect. | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Room Fireplace | biom. | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Room solar heating system | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
No or other heating facilities | 2% | 3% | 1% | 2% | 2% | 2% | ||
All | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | ||
Cooling | Central cooling (electric): stand. HP | elect. | 56% | 82% | 61% | 68% | 34% | 59% |
Central cooling (electric): geoth. HP | elect. | 1% | 1% | - | 1% | - | 1% | |
Room fixed units (cold air): standard | elect. | 20% | 4% | 24% | 9% | 5% | 19% | |
Room fixed units (cold air): efficient | elect. | 3% | - | 4% | 2% | 1% | 3% | |
No or other cooling facilities | 20% | 13% | 10% | 20% | 60% | 19% | ||
All | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
Policy | Main Achievements and Concerns | |
---|---|---|
Building codes | Main achievements | Mandatory energy performance requirements in building codes have been a significant achievement; gradual tightening of requirements and switch from prescriptive- to performance-based requirements are regarded as positive steps. |
Concerns | NZEB levels for 2020 are not ambitious; compliance with requirements in major renovations is an issue | |
Information tools | Main achievements | All legislation regarding energy performance certification and energy audits have been put in place. |
Concerns | Current or potential users are often not informed about energy performance class of their buildings and are unaware of benefits of potential energy efficiency improvements. | |
Education & training | Main achievements | A comprehensive framework for education, qualification, and training for energy auditors, specialised experts for energy performance certificates, energy service providers, and energy managers is available |
Concerns | Need to improve the vocational education and training system for technical occupations; training needs in construction sector are expected to grow. | |
Financial measures | Main achievements | Government-supported grants to households, businesses, and public sector have been a major generator of energy savings in the country. |
Concerns | Transition from grant-based to a more diverse portfolio of economic policy measures has not yet been made. |
Timeframe | Residential | Non-Residential | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Owner Occupied | Apartment Blocks | Rented Buildings | Vulnerable Group | Rented | Owned | ||
Existing buildings | <2013 | Grant | - | - | Grant | - | Grant |
Now | Grant | - | Grant | Grant | |||
Proposed | Credit line/Preferential loans | Tax income for landlords | Special grants | Credit line/Preferential loans | |||
ZEB Grants | ZEB Grants | ESCO portfolio guarantees | |||||
New buildings | Now | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Proposed | Credit line/Preferential loans | - | Special grants | - | ZEB Grants | ||
ZEB Grants | ZEB Grants |
Endogenously Calculated | Exogenously Defined |
---|---|
|
|
End-Use | Residential | Non-Residential | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Building Stock | Renovation Option | Building Stock | Renovation Option | |||
2012 | Moderate | Deep | 2012 | Moderate | Deep | |
[kWh/m2] | [kWh/m2] | [kWh/m2] | [kWh/m2] | [kWh/m2] | [kWh/m2] | |
Space heating | 47 | 17 | 15 | 70 | 26 | 21 |
Domestic hot water | 20 | 10 | 9 | 37 | 18 | 13 |
Space cooling | 67 | 38 | 34 | 166 | 60 | 46 |
Lighting | 8 | 6 | 6 | 56 | 37 | 28 |
Total | 142 | 71 | 64 | 329 | 141 | 108 |
Policy Elements | Policy 1 | Policy 2 | Policy 3 | Policy 4 | Policy 5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Building vintage | Existing | Existing | New & existing | New & existing | - |
Policy type | Investment grants for energy efficiency | Investment grants for energy efficiency | Minimum energy performance requirements | Minimum energy performance requirements | Energy performance certificates |
Period | 2014–2020 | 2014–2020 | 2013–2020 | 2021–2050 | 2010–2050 |
Building type | All | Residential | All | All | All |
Energy or renovation level | Moderate & deep | Moderate | EPC class B | Nearly zero energy | - |
Occupant profile | All | Low income | All | All | All |
Public annual budget | 2.5 Million € | 0.5 Million € | - | - | - |
Investment coverage | 25% | 25% | - | - | - |
Policy Elements | Policy 1+ | Policy 2+ | Policy 6 | Policy 7 | Policy 8 | Policy 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Building vintage | Existing * | Existing * | Existing buildings | All | All | All |
Policy type | Investment grants for energy efficiency * | Investment grants for energy efficiency * | Credit line for energy efficiency | Roll out of inform. campaigns | Inform. centres for energy renovation | Workforce education |
Period | 2014–2020 * | 2014–2020 * | 2018–2028 | 2018–2050 | 2020–2050 | 2014–2050 |
Building type | All * | Residential * | All | All | All | All |
Energy or renov. level | Moderate & deep * | Moderate * | Moderate & deep | - | - | - |
Occupant profile | All * | Low income * | Building owners | All | All | - |
Public annual budget | 10 mill € | 2.5 mill € | 5 mill € | 0.1 mill € | 0.5 mill € | 0.25 mill € |
Bank annual budget | - * | - * | 20 mill € | - | - | - |
Invest. coverage | 25% * | 25% * | 50% | - | - | - |
Repay. period | - * | - * | 15 years | - | - | - |
Policy Elements | Policy 1+ | Policy 2+ | Policy 6+ | Policy 10 | Policy 11 | Policy 12 | Policy 13 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Building vintage | Existing * | Existing * | Existing * | Existing | Existing | Existing | New |
Policy type | Invest. grants energy eff. * | Invest. grants energy eff. * | Credit line for energy efficiency * | Tax income credit for landlords | Min. energy perf. require-ments for rentals | VAT reduction for energy efficiency interventions | Grants for zero energy buildings |
Period | 2014–2020 * | 2014–2020 * | 2018–2028 * | 2018–2025 | 2025–2050 | 2020–2050 | 2020–2022 |
Building type | All * | Res. * | All * | All | All | Res. | All |
Energy or renov. level | Moderate & deep * | Shall. * | Moderate & deep * | Moderate | Moderate & deep | Moderate & deep | Zero Energy |
Occ. profile | All * | Low income * | Building owners * | Land-lords | Land-lords | All | All |
Public annual budget | 12 mill € | 5 mill € | 7.5 mill € | 2.5 mill € | - | - | 2.5 mill € |
Bank annual budget | - * | - * | 25 mill € | - | - | - | - |
Invest. cov. | 25% * | 25% * | 75% | 50% | - | - | 25% |
Repay. period | - * | - * | 15 years * | 10 years | - | - | - |
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Economidou, M.; Zangheri, P.; Müller, A.; Kranzl, L. Financing the Renovation of the Cypriot Building Stock: An Assessment of the Energy Saving Potential of Different Policy Scenarios Based on the Invert/EE-Lab Model. Energies 2018, 11, 3071. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113071
Economidou M, Zangheri P, Müller A, Kranzl L. Financing the Renovation of the Cypriot Building Stock: An Assessment of the Energy Saving Potential of Different Policy Scenarios Based on the Invert/EE-Lab Model. Energies. 2018; 11(11):3071. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113071
Chicago/Turabian StyleEconomidou, Marina, Paolo Zangheri, Andreas Müller, and Lukas Kranzl. 2018. "Financing the Renovation of the Cypriot Building Stock: An Assessment of the Energy Saving Potential of Different Policy Scenarios Based on the Invert/EE-Lab Model" Energies 11, no. 11: 3071. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113071