Directional Overcurrent Relays Coordination Problems in Distributed Generation Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Tripping Time of Protection
3. Protection Coordination of Radial System without Distributed Generation
4. Most Sensitive Short-Circuit Types Finding Process in Distributed Generation Systems
5. Protection Coordination of Distributed Generation Systems
6. Pickup Current Choice
7. Protection Coordination Example
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Section between Nodes | Positive and Negative Impedance (Ω) | Zero Impedance (Ω) | Susceptance (μS) |
---|---|---|---|
1–2 | 0.1875 + 0.6105i | 0.5625 + 1.8315i | 4.2254 |
4–5 | 0.0625 + 0.2035i | 0.1875 + 0.6105i | 1.4085 |
7–8 | 0.1250 + 0.4070i | 0.3750 + 1.2210i | 2.8169 |
10–11 | 0.1875 + 0.6105i | 0.5625 + 1.8315i | 4.2254 |
12–13 | 0.3750 + 1.2210i | 1.1250 + 3.6630i | 8.4507 |
14–15 | 0.2500 + 0.8140i | 0.7500 + 2.4420i | 5.6338 |
17–18 | 0.1250 + 0.4070i | 0.3750 + 1.2210i | 2.8169 |
Section between Nodes | Positive and Negative Impedance (Ω) | Zero Impedance (Ω) | Susceptance (μS) |
---|---|---|---|
2–3 | 0.1250 + 0.4070i | 0.3750 + 1.2210i | 2.8169 |
4–5 | 0.0938 + 0.3053i | 0.2813 + 0.9158i | 2.1127 |
6–7 | 0.0625 + 0.2035i | 0.1875 + 0.6105i | 1.4085 |
8–9 | 0.0250 + 0.0814i | 0.0750 + 0.2442i | 0.5634 |
10–11 | 0.3750 + 1.2210i | 1.1250 + 3.6630i | 8.4507 |
12–13 | 0.2500 + 0.8140i | 0.7500 + 2.4420i | 5.6338 |
14–15 | 0.1250 + 0.4070i | 0.3750 + 1.2210i | 2.8169 |
Number of Fault Path | Primary Nodes ni | Secondary Nodes mi | Primary Protections i | Secondary Protections j |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 9 |
1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 7 |
2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 14 |
4 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 1 |
5 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 14 |
6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 10 |
7 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 6 |
8 | 10 | 11 | 5 | 3 |
9 | 10 | 11 | 5 | 10 |
10 | 11 | 10 | 6 | 8 |
11 | 11 | 10 | 6 | 12 |
12 | 13 | 12 | 7 | 5 |
13 | 13 | 12 | 7 | 12 |
14 | 12 | 13 | 8 | 2 |
15 | 12 | 13 | 8 | 9 |
16 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 3 |
17 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 6 |
18 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 2 |
19 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 7 |
20 | 17 | 18 | 11 | 5 |
21 | 17 | 18 | 11 | 8 |
22 | 18 | 17 | 12 | |
23 | 14 | 15 | 13 | 1 |
24 | 14 | 15 | 13 | 4 |
25 | 15 | 14 | 14 |
Number of Fault Path | Primary Nodes ni | Secondary Nodes mi | Primary Protections i | Secondary Protections j |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | |
1 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 1 |
2 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 2 |
3 | 8 | 9 | 4 | 3 |
4 | 10 | 11 | 5 | 2 |
5 | 12 | 13 | 6 | 5 |
6 | 14 | 15 | 7 | 5 |
Protection Oi | Lower Constraint 1.1·InOi | Pickup Current IpcOi | Upper Constraint |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 147.02 | 220.53 | 343.46 |
2 | 146.99 | 220.48 | 228.00 |
3 | 40.45 | 60.67 | 344.60 |
4 | 40.45 | 60.68 | 1111.00 |
5 | 64.08 | 96.11 | 1486.47 |
6 | 64.05 | 96.07 | 667.84 |
7 | 99.24 | 148.86 | 291.98 |
8 | 99.30 | 148.94 | 499.57 |
9 | 198.43 | 297.65 | 313.64 |
10 | 198.45 | 297.68 | 568.88 |
11 | 139.87 | 209.81 | 1745.48 |
12 | 139.85 | 209.78 | 731.92 |
13 | 70.13 | 105. 19 | 1531.34 |
14 | 70.09 | 105.13 | 365.40 |
Protection Oi | Lower Constraint 1.1·InOi | Pickup Current IpcOi | Upper Constraint |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 487.65 | 664.98 | 4105.42 |
2 | 487.66 | 664.99 | 3753.83 |
3 | 161.19 | 219.80 | 3455.04 |
4 | 161.20 | 219.82 | 3127.07 |
5 | 326.49 | 445.22 | 3456.79 |
6 | 121.07 | 165.10 | 3114.87 |
7 | 201.98 | 275.42 | 3114.86 |
Num. of Fault Path | ni | mi | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ik3 | Ik1 | Ik2n | Ik2 | Ik32 | Ik3 | Ik1 | Ik2n | Ik2 | Ik32 | |||||||||||
Oi | Oj | Oi | Oj | Oi | Oj | Oi | Oj | Oi | Oj | Oi | Oj | Oi | Oj | Oi | Oj | Oi | Oj | Oi | Oj | |
0 | 15.1 | 1.6 | 15.0 | 1.6 | 15.1 | 1.6 | 15.1 | 1.6 | 16.3 | 2.6 | 5.1 | 4.1 | 4.5 | 3.6 | 4.9 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 3.5 | 9.4 | 1.6 |
1 | 15.1 | 0.8 | 15.0 | 0.8 | 15.1 | 0.8 | 15.1 | 0.8 | 16.3 | 1.0 | 5.1 | 0.5 | 4.5 | 0.4 | 4.9 | 0.5 | 4.3 | 0.4 | 9.4 | 0.6 |
2 | 8.3 | 6.6 | 7.7 | 5.9 | 8.0 | 6.3 | 8.0 | 6.3 | 11.5 | 9.8 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 7.6 | 6.4 |
3 | 8.3 | 0.6 | 7.7 | 0.6 | 8.0 | 0.6 | 8.0 | 0.6 | 11.5 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 7.6 | 0.4 |
4 | 6.7 | 5.0 | 6.2 | 4.4 | 6.5 | 4.8 | 6.5 | 4.8 | 10.5 | 8.8 | 4.4 | 2.8 | 4.1 | 2.5 | 4.3 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 2.4 | 9.0 | 7.6 |
5 | 6.7 | 0.6 | 6.2 | 0.6 | 6.5 | 0.6 | 6.5 | 0.6 | 10.5 | 0.6 | 4.4 | 0.6 | 4.1 | 0.6 | 4.3 | 0.6 | 3.7 | 0.5 | 9.0 | 0.5 |
6 | 9.5 | 6.3 | 8.7 | 5.7 | 9.2 | 6.1 | 9.2 | 6.1 | 12.5 | 8.8 | 6.7 | 4.2 | 6.0 | 3.6 | 6.4 | 4.0 | 5.6 | 3.6 | 10.5 | 7.4 |
7 | 9.5 | 2.3 | 8.7 | 2.1 | 9.2 | 2.2 | 9.2 | 2.2 | 12.5 | 2.8 | 6.7 | 1.7 | 6.0 | 1.6 | 6.4 | 1.7 | 5.6 | 1.5 | 10.5 | 2.4 |
8 | 11.5 | 4.3 | 10.6 | 4.0 | 11.2 | 4.2 | 11.2 | 4.2 | 13.1 | 4.9 | 5.9 | 2.4 | 4.9 | 2.0 | 5.6 | 2.2 | 5.0 | 2.0 | 8.2 | 3.1 |
9 | 11.5 | 6.4 | 10.6 | 5.7 | 11.2 | 6.1 | 11.2 | 6.1 | 13.1 | 7.4 | 5.9 | 2.9 | 4.9 | 2.3 | 5.6 | 2.7 | 5.0 | 2.5 | 8.2 | 4.6 |
10 | 5.4 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 3.2 | 5.1 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 3.7 | 7.8 | 6.3 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 5.8 | 4.6 |
11 | 5.4 | 1.2 | 4.8 | 1.3 | 5.1 | 1.3 | 5.1 | 1.3 | 7.8 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 5.8 | 0.9 |
12 | 7.3 | 5.9 | 6.4 | 4.9 | 7.0 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 5.5 | 9.3 | 7.9 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 5.1 | 4.2 |
13 | 7.3 | 1.2 | 6.4 | 1.3 | 7.0 | 1.3 | 7.0 | 1.3 | 9.3 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 5.1 | 0.7 |
14 | 15.6 | 1.2 | 15.5 | 1.2 | 15.6 | 1.2 | 15.6 | 1.2 | 16.3 | 1.5 | 4.0 | 1.1 | 3.3 | 0.9 | 3.7 | 1.1 | 3.4 | 1.0 | 6.6 | 0.7 |
15 | 15.6 | 1.6 | 15.5 | 1.6 | 15.6 | 1.7 | 15.6 | 1.7 | 16.3 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 2.3 | 3.7 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 6.6 | 1.0 |
16 | 7.5 | 4.3 | 7.0 | 4.0 | 7.3 | 4.2 | 7.3 | 4.2 | 11.5 | 7.1 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 8.5 | 5.3 |
17 | 7.5 | 2.3 | 7.0 | 2.1 | 7.3 | 2.2 | 7.3 | 2.2 | 11.5 | 3.5 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 8.5 | 2.6 |
18 | 14.7 | 1.2 | 14.6 | 1.2 | 14.7 | 1.2 | 14.7 | 1.2 | 16.2 | 2.3 | 6.5 | 2.8 | 5.8 | 2.4 | 6.2 | 2.6 | 5.5 | 2.3 | 10.9 | 1.6 |
19 | 14.7 | 0.8 | 14.6 | 0.8 | 14.7 | 0.8 | 14.7 | 0.8 | 16.2 | 1.3 | 6.5 | 1.0 | 5.8 | 0.8 | 6.2 | 0.9 | 5.5 | 0.8 | 10.9 | 0.9 |
20 | 10.1 | 5.9 | 8.4 | 4.9 | 9.4 | 5.5 | 9.4 | 5.5 | 10.1 | 5.9 | 7.7 | 4.5 | 6.0 | 3.5 | 7.1 | 4.2 | 6.5 | 3.8 | 7.7 | 4.5 |
21 | 10.1 | 4.0 | 8.4 | 3.2 | 9.4 | 3.7 | 9.4 | 3.7 | 10.1 | 4.0 | 7.7 | 3.0 | 6.0 | 2.3 | 7.1 | 2.8 | 6.5 | 2.6 | 7.7 | 3.0 |
22 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.2 | ||||||||||
23 | 12.7 | 5.0 | 11.5 | 4.4 | 12.2 | 4.8 | 12.2 | 4.8 | 12.7 | 5.0 | 7.2 | 2.8 | 5.4 | 2.0 | 6.6 | 2.5 | 6.1 | 2.4 | 7.2 | 2.8 |
24 | 12.7 | 6.6 | 11.5 | 5.9 | 12.2 | 6.4 | 12.2 | 6.4 | 12.7 | 6.6 | 7.2 | 3.7 | 5.4 | 2.8 | 6.6 | 3.4 | 6.1 | 3.2 | 7.2 | 3.7 |
25 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
Num. of Fault Path | ni | mi | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ik3 | Ik1 | Ik2n | Ik2 | Ik3 | Ik1 | Ik2n | Ik2 | |||||||||
Oi | Oj | Oi | Oj | Oi | Oj | Oi | Oj | Oi | Oj | Oi | Oj | Oi | Oj | Oi | Oj | |
0 | 6.5 | 0.0 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.1 | |||||||
1 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 4.7 |
2 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 4.3 |
3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
4 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 4.3 |
5 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
6 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
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Ehrenberger, J.; Švec, J. Directional Overcurrent Relays Coordination Problems in Distributed Generation Systems. Energies 2017, 10, 1452. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101452
Ehrenberger J, Švec J. Directional Overcurrent Relays Coordination Problems in Distributed Generation Systems. Energies. 2017; 10(10):1452. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101452
Chicago/Turabian StyleEhrenberger, Jakub, and Jan Švec. 2017. "Directional Overcurrent Relays Coordination Problems in Distributed Generation Systems" Energies 10, no. 10: 1452. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101452