Eye Movements and Mental Imagery During Reading of Literary Texts in Different Narrative Styles
Abstract
:Introduction
The role of bodily movement in imagery
The quality of text and imagery: Enactment vs. description
Eye tracking research on literary reading
“Later that day, I went up to a shabby café on the coast road to the north of my town where he and a few friends, along with other people I didn’t know, had come to watch a performance of some kind that included primitive tribal chants. When I came in, the room was already darkened except for the spotlights on the stage. The only empty chair I could see at the long table was the one next to him, though a piece of clothing and maybe a purse were hang- ing from the back of it...” „Später fuhr ich zu einem schäbigen Cafe an der Küstenstraße nördlich der Stadt, in der ich lebte, und er und ein paar Freunde und andere Leute, die ich nicht kannte, waren dorthin gekommen, um irgendeine Aufführung mit primitiven Stammesgesängen zu sehen. Als ich den Raum betrat, war dieser, abgesehen von der Bühnenbeleuchtung, bereits verdunkelt.Der einzige freie Stuhl an dem langen Tisch, den ich entdecken konnte, war der neben ihm, obwohl von der Rückenlehne ein Kleidungsstück und vielleicht eine Handtasche hingen...“ |
Study I: Analysis of word-categories Methods
Stimuli
Coding and analysing word-categories
Results
Number of words | Descriptive parts of texts | Enactive parts of texts | Chi-square test |
Davis text-pair | |||
All marked | 374 | 553 | |
Verbs | 50 | 89 | n.s. |
Nouns | 83 | 116 | n.s. |
Adjectives | 48 | 60 | n.s. |
French text-pair | |||
All | 411 | 576 | |
Verbs | 32 | 101 | *** |
Nouns | 124 | 117 | *** |
Adjectives | 93 | 51 | *** |
Interim Summary (Study I)
Study II: Reading experience and eye movements Methods
Participants
Ethics statement
Stimuli
Apparatus
Design and Behavioural Measures
Procedure
Preprocessing of eye movement recordings
Results
Comprehension of the texts
Reading experience ratings
Eye tracking results
Reading speed of pages
Analysis of revisits at word-level
Discussion
Limitations and Outlook
Ethics and Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgements
Appendix
Stimuli
Practice text (excerpt written by Thomas Mann)
Experimental text: Enactive (original excerpt written by Lydia Davis, slightly modified)
Experimental text: Descriptive (original excerpt written by Lydia Davis, slightly modified)
Experimental text: Enactive (original excerpt written by Jean-Phillippe Toussaint, slightly modified)
Experimental text: Descriptive (original excerpt written by Georges Perec, slightly modified)
No. | Items | English translation | Source |
1 | Beim Lesen hatte ich automatisch sensorische Vorstellungsbilder. | Sensory images came to me automatically during reading. | |
2 | Die Personen bzw. Orte wurden in meiner Vorstellung lebendig. | The persons and places came to life in my imagination. | based on Appel et al.’s [50] Imageability scale |
3 | Es war anstrengend, sich das Gelesene bildhaft vorszustellen. | It was difficult to imagine visually what has been read. | based on Appel et al.’s [50] Imageability scale |
4 | Ich war in der Lage, die Anordnungen der beschriebenen Objekte vor meinem inneren Auge zu sehen. | I was able to see the arrangements of the described objects in my mind's eye. | from Vorderer et al.’s [51] spatial presence questionnaire |
5 | Meine Gedanken sind beim Lesen immer wieder abgeschweift. | While reading, my thoughts seemed to wander. | from Appel et al.’s [50] Attentional focus scale |
6 | Ich habe die Welt um mich herum beim Lesen vergessen. | While reading, I forgot the world around me. | from Appel et al.’s [50] Immersion scale |
7 | Beim Lesen hatte ich das Gefühl, mich an einem anderen Ort zu befinden. | While reading, I had the feeling that I was in a different place. | from Appel et al.’s [50] Spatial presence scale |
8 | Ich war gespannt darauf zu erfahren, was wohl als nächstes passiert. | I wanted to know how the events would unfold. | from Appel et al.’s [50] Suspense scale |
9 | Der Text hat mich gefühlsmäßig berührt. | The text affected me emotionally. | from Appel et al.’s [50] Emotional Involvement scale |
10 | Was im Text beschrieben wurde, hat bei mir Emotionen ausgelöst. | What was described in the text, made me feel emotions. | based on Appel et al.’s [50] Emotional Involvement scale |
11 | Der Text hat mir gefallen. | I liked the text. | from Appel et al.’s [50] Overall Reading Pleasure scale |
12 | Ich habe beim Lesen wenig über die Inhalte nachgedacht. | While reading I didn’t think much about the content of the text. | from Appel et al.’s [50] Cognitive Involvement scale |
13 | Der Text hat mich gedanklich sehr beschäftigt. | The text engaged me cognitively. | from Appel et al.’s [50] Cognitive Involvement scale |
14 | Während des Lesens habe ich darauf geachtet, ob in dem Text alles zusammenpasst. | While reading, I had the sense that everything in the text fit together. | from Appel et al.’s [50] Coherence subscale (Analysis of reception scale) |
15 | Es fiel mir leicht den roten Faden zu finden. | It was easy for me to find the thread of the story. | from Appel et al.’s [50] Ease of cognitive access scale |
16 | Ich war beim Lesen unsicher, ob ich immer alles verstanden habe. | During reading, I was not sure whether I had understood everything. | from Appel et al.’s [50] Ease of cognitive access scale |
17 | Durch den Text habe ich eine Atmosphäre gespürt. | I felt that the text conveyed an atmosphere. | based on Lüdtke et al. [52] |
18 | Durch den Text konnte ich eine Situation nachempfinden. | I could empathise about a situation with the help of the text. | based on Lüdtke et al. [52] |
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Number of words | Descriptive Text | Enactive Text | Chi-square test |
Davis text-pair | |||
All | 1181 | 1227 | |
Verbs | 183 | 240 | ** |
Nouns | 209 | 197 | n.s. |
Adjectives | 107 | 87 | n.s. |
French text-pair | |||
All | 1274 | 1373 | |
Verbs | 147 | 265 | *** |
Nouns | 374 | 219 | *** |
Adjectives | 195 | 99 | *** |
French | French | Davis | Text-pairs | |||||||||
Item | Descr | Enact | V | p | Descr | Enact | V | p | French | Davis | W | p |
1 Imagery | 3.5 | 4 | 0 | .039 | 2.5 | 4 | 0 | .063 | 4 | 4 | 169.5 | .366 |
2 Imagery | 3 | 4 | 0 | .017 | 3 | 4 | 2 | .129 | 3 | 4 | 161.5 | .274 |
3 Imagery | 3 | 2 | 32 | .047 | 3 | 2 | 26 | .039 | 2 | 2 | 211.5 | .746 |
4 Imagery | 3.5 | 4 | 7 | .058 | 4 | 4 | 8.5 | .340 | 4 | 4 | 196 | .908 |
5 Attentional Focus | 3.5 | 2 | 23.5 | .101 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 8.5 | .785 | 3 | 3 | 213 | .717 |
6 Immersion | 3 | 4 | 0 | .065 | 1.5 | 3 | 5 | .120 | 2 | 4 | 117 | .019 |
7 Spatial Presence | 3 | 3 | 4 | .163 | 3 | 3.5 | 0 | .058 | 3 | 3 | 178 | .534 |
8 Suspence | 2.5 | 4 | 2 | .020 | 3 | 3.5 | 8 | .256 | 3 | 3 | 169.5 | .388 |
9-10 Emotional Involvement | 4.5 | 5.5 | 6.5 | .2 | 4 | 7 | 4.5 | .106 | 4 | 5 | 187.5 | .731 |
11 Overall Reading Pleasure | 3 | 3.5 | 1.5 | .055 | 2 | 4 | 2 | .068 | 2.5 | 3 | 191 | .8 |
12-13 Cognitive Involvement | 3.5 | 2 | 1.5 | .057 | 3 | 2 | 12.5 | .121 | 2.5 | 3 | 174.5 | .48 |
14 Coherence | 2.5 | 4 | 3 | .018 | 2.5 | 3 | 2 | .256 | 3 | 3.5 | 143 | .108 |
15-16 Ease of Cognitive Access | 3 | 7 | 0 | .004 | 4 | 7 | 17.5 | .296 | 7 | 5 | 226 | .476 |
17 Atmosphere | 2.5 | 4 | 0 | .015 | 4 | 4 | 6 | .317 | 4 | 4 | 228 | .389 |
18 Empathy | 4 | 4.5 | 6.5 | .098 | 2.5 | 4 | 1 | .140 | 4 | 4 | 136.5 | .064 |
Fixed effect | Estimate | T | χ2 | p |
Intercept | 2.322 | 61.295 | ||
Imagery type: Enactment | 0.030 | 1.588 | ||
Text-pair: Davis | 0.008 | 0.151 | ||
Mean word frequency | 0.024 | 3.502 | 10.64# | 0.001# |
Ratio of verbs | 0.019 | 3.345 | 10.373# | 0.001# |
Ratio of adjectives | -0.022 | -3.697 | 11.988 | <0.001 |
Imagery type x Text-pair | -0.066 | -3.028 | 8.071 | 0.005 |
Fixed effect | Estimate | t | χ2 | p |
Intercept | 253.433 | 35.596 | ||
Imagery type: Descriptive | -26.103 | -5.609 | 16.552 | <.001 |
Word category: verbs vs adjectives | -12.110 | -2.324 | ||
14.529 | .002 | |||
Word category: verbs vs nouns | -15.823 | -3.441 | ||
Log frequency | -9.821 | 1.981 | 23.794 | <.001 |
Fixed effect | Estimate | t | χ2 | p |
First fixation duration | ||||
Intercept | 253.097 | 33.096 | ||
Imagery type: Descriptive | -24.553 | -5.269 | 33.844# | <..001# |
Word-cate- gory: verbs vs adjectives | -9.915 | -1.804 | ||
11.597# | .003# | |||
Word-cate- gory: verbs vs nouns | -16.618 | -3.425 | ||
Log frequency | -9.679 | -4.628 | 20.775 | <.001 |
Gaze duration | ||||
Intercept | 303.958 | 23.680 | ||
Imagery type: Descriptive | -31.422 | -3.875 | 14.723 | <.001 |
Log frequency | -22.194 | -3.968 | 15.368 | <.001 |
Word length | 27.300 | 4.916 | 23.417 | <.001 |
Dwell time | ||||
Intercept | 357.459 | 17.121 | ||
Imagery type: Descriptive | -24.540 | -1.886 | 7.1357# | .008# |
Log frequency | -23.451 | -3.851 | 14.534 | <.001 |
Word length | 43.653 | 7.137 | 47.559 | <.001 |
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Magyari, L.; Mangen, A.; Kuzmičová, A.; Jacobs, A.M.; Lüdtke, J. Eye Movements and Mental Imagery During Reading of Literary Texts in Different Narrative Styles. J. Eye Mov. Res. 2020, 13, 1-35. https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.13.3.3
Magyari L, Mangen A, Kuzmičová A, Jacobs AM, Lüdtke J. Eye Movements and Mental Imagery During Reading of Literary Texts in Different Narrative Styles. Journal of Eye Movement Research. 2020; 13(3):1-35. https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.13.3.3
Chicago/Turabian StyleMagyari, Lilla, Anne Mangen, Anežka Kuzmičová, Arthur M. Jacobs, and Jana Lüdtke. 2020. "Eye Movements and Mental Imagery During Reading of Literary Texts in Different Narrative Styles" Journal of Eye Movement Research 13, no. 3: 1-35. https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.13.3.3
APA StyleMagyari, L., Mangen, A., Kuzmičová, A., Jacobs, A. M., & Lüdtke, J. (2020). Eye Movements and Mental Imagery During Reading of Literary Texts in Different Narrative Styles. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 13(3), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.13.3.3