European Black Elderberry Fruit Extract Inhibits Replication of SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Inhibitors
2.2. Viruses
2.3. Infection Experiments
2.4. Cell Culture
2.5. Assessment of Cell Viability
2.6. Determination of the Amount of Viral RNA Copies from Released Viruses by qRT-PCR
2.7. Software and Statistics
2.8. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis of Elderberry Extracts
3. Results
3.1. European Black Elderberry Extract Compositional Analysis
3.2. European Black Elderberry Extract Exhibits Efficient Antiviral Activity against SARS-CoV-2 in Different Cell Lines
3.3. EC 3.2 Exhibits Comparable Antiviral Activity against All SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern
3.4. Treatment with EC 3.2 Does Not Affect Early Steps of the Replication of SARS-CoV-2
4. Discussion
5. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | EC 3.2 (mg/kg) | EC 14 (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|
Cyanidin-3-glucoside | 14,889 | 58,336 |
Cyanidin-3-sambubioside | 16,584 | 77,507 |
Cyanidin-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside | 3558 | 13,682 |
Neochlorogenic acid | 42 | 151 |
Chlorogenic acid | 1890 | 5953 |
Cryptochlorogenic acid | 72 | 359 |
Rutin | 8419 | 31,999 |
Isoquercitrin | 507 | 1784 |
Kaempferol-3-rutinoside | 69 | 195 |
Isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside | 67 | 221 |
Isorhamnetin-3-glucoside | 48 | 215 |
EC 3.2 | ||
---|---|---|
IC50 | IC90 | |
Wuhan Type | ~1:800 | ~1:100 |
Alpha | ~1:200 | ~1:100 |
Beta | ~1:300 | ~1:100 |
Gamma | ~1:300 | ~1:100 |
Delta | ~1:400 | ~1:100 |
Omicron | ~1:400 | ~1:100 |
IC50 [µM] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wuhan Type | Alpha | Beta | Gamma | Delta | Omicron | |
Cyanidin-3-sambubioside-5-glucoside | 6 | 24 | 18 | 18 | 12 | 12 |
Cyanidin-3-sambubioside | 35 | 142 | 107 | 107 | 71 | 71 |
Cyanidin-3-glucoside | 41 | 165 | 123 | 123 | 82 | 82 |
Chlorogenic acid | 6.6 | 27 | 20 | 20 | 13 | 13 |
Rutin | 17 | 68 | 51 | 51 | 34 | 34 |
Isoquercitrin | 1.3 | 5.4 | 4 | 4 | 2.7 | 2.7 |
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Setz, C.; Fröba, M.; Große, M.; Rauch, P.; Auth, J.; Steinkasserer, A.; Plattner, S.; Schubert, U. European Black Elderberry Fruit Extract Inhibits Replication of SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro. Nutraceuticals 2023, 3, 91-106. https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals3010007
Setz C, Fröba M, Große M, Rauch P, Auth J, Steinkasserer A, Plattner S, Schubert U. European Black Elderberry Fruit Extract Inhibits Replication of SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro. Nutraceuticals. 2023; 3(1):91-106. https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals3010007
Chicago/Turabian StyleSetz, Christian, Maria Fröba, Maximilian Große, Pia Rauch, Janina Auth, Alexander Steinkasserer, Stephan Plattner, and Ulrich Schubert. 2023. "European Black Elderberry Fruit Extract Inhibits Replication of SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro" Nutraceuticals 3, no. 1: 91-106. https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals3010007