Telework and Mental Health during COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measures
2.2. Participants and Procedure
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Correlations
3.2. Mean Comparisons
3.3. Analysis of Serial Mediation
3.3.1. Telework Group
3.3.2. On-Site Work Group
3.3.3. Not-Working Group
4. Discussion
4.1. Sociodemographic Data
4.1.1. Women and Mental Health
4.1.2. Parental Status and Flourishing
4.1.3. Education and Entrapment
4.2. Work Conditions
4.2.1. Telework Group
4.2.2. On-Site Work Group
4.2.3. Not-Working Group
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Females (n = 409) | Males (n = 91) | Total (n = 500) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | |||
Mean | 44.6 (SD = 9.7) | 44.7 (SD = 9.0) | 44.6 (SD = 9.6) |
Minimum | 20 | 28 | 20 |
Maximum | 75 | 73 | 75 |
Education | |||
9 years | 6 (1.5%) | 4 (4.4%) | 10 (2.0%) |
12 years | 62 (15.2%) | 14 (15.4%) | 76 (15.2%) |
Bachelor | 235 (57.5%) | 44 (48.4%) | 279 (55.8%) |
Master | 92 (22.5%) | 23 (25.3%) | 115 (23.0%) |
PhD | 14 (3.4%) | 6 (6.6%) | 20 (4.0%) |
Marital Status | |||
Single | 88 (21.5%) | 22 (24.2%) | 110 (22.0%) |
Married or cohabiting | 256 (62.6%) | 62 (68.1%) | 318 (63.6%) |
Divorced | 58 (14.2%) | 7 (7.7%) | 65 (13.0%) |
Widower | 7 (1.7%) | - | 7 (1.4%) |
Number of Children | |||
No children | 122 (29.8%) | 26 (28.6%) | 148 (29.6%) |
One child | 111 (27.1%) | 23 (25.3%) | 134 (26.8%) |
Two children | 130 (31.8%) | 32 (35.2%) | 162 (32.4%) |
Three children | 37 (9.0%) | 8 (.8%) | 45 (9.0%) |
Four children | 6 (1.5%) | 2 (2.2%) | 8 (1.6%) |
Five children | 2 (0.5%) | - | 2 (0.4%) |
Six children | 1 (0.2%) | - | 1 (0.2%) |
Nationality | |||
Angolan | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (1.1%) | 2 (0.4%) |
Brazilan | 12 (2.9%) | 1 (1.1%) | 13 (2.6%) |
British | - | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (0.2%) |
Dutch | 1 (0.2%) | - | 1 (0.2%) |
French | 2 (0.5%) | - | 2 (0.4%) |
Portuguese | 393 (96.1%) | 87 (95.6%) | 480 (96.0%) |
Spanish | - | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (0.2%) |
Work Regimen | |||
Working on behalf of others | 310 (75.8%) | 68 (74.7%) | 378 (75.6%) |
Freelancers | 78 (19.1%) | 22 824.2%) | 100 (20.0%) |
Student workers | 21 (5.1%) | 1 (1.1%) | 22 (4.4%) |
Working situation | |||
Working from home | 310 (75.8%) | 60 (65.9%) | 370 (74.0%) |
Usual workplace | 35 (8.6%) | 20 (22.0%) | 55 (11.0%) |
Layoff status | 46 (11.2%) | 7 (7.7%) | 53 (10.6%) |
Unemployed | 18 (4.4%) | 4 (4.4%) | 22 (4.4%) |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Entrapment | - | −0.10 * | 0.42 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.38 ** |
2. Flourishing | - | 0.02 | −0.38 ** | −0.31 ** | −0.24 ** | |
3. MME | - | 0.17 ** | 0.20 * | 0.16 ** | ||
4. Depression | - | 0.77 ** | 0.78 ** | |||
5. Anxiety | - | 0.79 ** | ||||
6. Stress | - |
Dependent Variables | Mean Square | df | F | p | Partial Eta Squared | Observed Power |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entrapment | 10.54 | 2 | 10.83 | 0.001 | 0.04 | 0.99 |
Flourishing | 1.00 | 2 | 1.11 | 0.33 | 0.04 | 0.25 |
MME | 1.59 | 2 | 3.41 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.64 |
Depression | 0.23 | 2 | 0.69 | 0.50 | 0.01 | 0.17 |
Anxiety | 0 | 2 | 0.17 | 0.85 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
Stress | 0.13 | 2 | 2.08 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.43 |
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Mendonça, I.; Coelho, F.; Ferrajão, P.; Abreu, A.M. Telework and Mental Health during COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052602
Mendonça I, Coelho F, Ferrajão P, Abreu AM. Telework and Mental Health during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):2602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052602
Chicago/Turabian StyleMendonça, Inês, Franz Coelho, Paulo Ferrajão, and Ana Maria Abreu. 2022. "Telework and Mental Health during COVID-19" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 2602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052602