Effects of Yoga Intervention on Functional Movement Patterns and Mindfulness in Collegiate Athletes: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Design and Procedures
2.2.1. Procedure
2.2.2. Intervention
2.2.3. Measurements
- (1)
- FMS
- (2)
- MAAS
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. FMS Scores of the Two Groups at Pre- and Post-Test
3.2. Asymmetrical and Dysfunctional Scores between the Two Groups at Pre- and Post-Test
3.3. The MAAS Scores at Pre- and Post-Test
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | N | Age (Year) | Height (cm) | Weight (kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|
YOG | 39 | 17.7 ± 0.8 | 171.2 ± 7.3 | 61.2 ± 10.8 |
CON | 41 | 16.4 ± 0.5 | 171.0 ± 6.1 | 59.6 ± 9.40 |
Group | Basketball | Football | Volleyball | Athletic | Tennis | Badminton | Sanda | Taekwondo | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YOG | 6 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 39 |
CON | 9 | 4 | 14 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 41 |
Week | No. | Content |
---|---|---|
1st | ① | Sun salutation A |
② | Mindfulness meditation for 30 min, neck-shoulder theme: Bowing pose, Eagle, Cow-faced pose, Reverse praying, Eye of the needle pose, Heart melting pose, Twisted root, Open wing, Corpse pose | |
2nd | ③ | Repeat ①, Surya Namaskara |
④ | Mindfulness meditation for 30 min, Repeat ② | |
3rd | ⑤ | Repeat ③, Standing Postures: Standing forward bend, Triangle, Extended triangle, Side angle, Extended side angle, Corpse pose |
⑥ | Mindfulness meditation for 30 min, Spinal theme: Crow, Cat, Seal, Sphinx, Tadpole, Heart melting pose, Corpse pose | |
4th | ⑦ | Repeat ⑤, Standing Postures: Standing straddled forward bend ABCD, Intense side stretch pose, Half-lotus bend, Chair pose, Warrior 1, Warrior 2, Corpse pose |
⑧ | Mindfulness meditation for 30 min, Repeat ⑥ | |
5th | ⑨ | Repeat ⑦, Sitting Postures: Seated mountain pose, Staff pose, Inclined plane pose, Intense stretch to the west pose ABC, Corpse pose |
⑩ | Mindfulness meditation for 30 min, Hip opening theme 1: Wandering dragon, twisting dragon, Royal pigeon pose, Eye of a needle type, Frog, Cradle pose, Marichi pose, Supine twist, Royal pigeon pose, Bound angle, Corpse pose | |
6th | ⑪ | Repeat ⑨, Sitting Postures: Half hero forward bend, Three limbs face one foot pose, Fire log, Seated back stretching pose ABC, Corpse pose |
⑫ | Mindfulness meditation 30 min, Repeat ⑩ | |
7th | ⑬ | Repeat ⑪, Sitting Postures: Marichyasana ABCD, Boat, Corpse pose |
⑭ | Mindfulness meditation for 30 min, Hip opening theme 2: Cow-faced pose, Dragon, Low lunge, Seated angle pose, Monkey hanumanasana split pose, Happy baby, Square, Bound angel pose, Corpse pose | |
8th | ⑮ | Repeat ⑬, Finishing Postures: Wheel pose, Corpse pose |
⑯ | Mindfulness meditation for 30 min, Repeat ⑭ | |
9th | ⑰ | Repeat ⑮, Finishing Postures: Shoulder stand, Plough pose, Fish pose, Spinal twist, Corpse pose |
⑱ | Mindfulness meditation for 30 min, Lower limbs stretch theme: Low lunge, Halfmoon, Half hanumanasana split, Low arch twist and stretch quadriceps pose, Corpse pose | |
10th | ⑲ | Repeat ⑰, Finishing Postures: Hands bound head stand, Corpse pose |
⑳ | Mindfulness meditation for 30 min, Repeat ⑱ | |
11th | ㉑ | Repeat ⑲, Lotus pose, Corpse pose |
㉒ | Mindfulness meditation for 30 min, Lower limbs stretch theme: Supine hero pose, Supine hand grab big toe pose, Triangle, Seated forward bends, Sitting glissade, Wide leg sitting forward bend, Pigeon king pose, One leg head to knee, Triangle proneness, Corpse pose | |
12th | ㉓ | Repeat ⑳, Complete sequence Repeat |
㉔ | Mindfulness meditation 30 min, Ankle joint theme: Hero’s, Toe touch heroes sit, squat toe touch pose, Squat balance pose, Bound squat |
Outcome | Group | Pre-Test | Post-Test | % Δ | A Group-by-Time Interaction Effect | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | F(1,78) | p | Partial ŋ2 | |||
Deep Squat | |||||||
YOG | 1.67 ± 0.81 | 2.77 ± 0.43 | 65.87 ** | 52.33 | <0.001 | 0.40 | |
CON | 2.17 ± 0.59 | 2.12 ± 0.84 | −2.30 | ||||
Hurdle Step | |||||||
YOG | 1.95 ± 0.39 | 2.03 ± 0.71 | 4.10 | 0.282 | 0.60 | 0.004 | |
CON | 1.63 ± 0.54 | 1.63 ± 0.58 | 0 | ||||
In-line Lunge | |||||||
YOG | 2.69 ± 0.52 | 2.64 ± 0.54 | −1.86 | 3.74 | 0.06 | 0.05 | |
CON | 2.54 ± 0.55 | 2.20 ± 0.72 | −13.39 ** | ||||
Shoulder Mobility | |||||||
YOG | 1.74 ± 0.85 | 2.64 ± 0.49 | 51.72 ** | 15.43 | <0.001 | 0.17 | |
CON | 1.83 ± 0.77 | 2.07 ± 0.82 | 13.11 * | ||||
Active Straight-Leg Raise | |||||||
YOG | 2.08 ± 0.74 | 2.67 ± 0.62 | 28.37 ** | 0.85 | 0.36 | 0.01 | |
CON | 1.66 ± 1.06 | 2.44 ± 1.01 | 47.99 ** | ||||
Trunk Stability Pushup | |||||||
YOG | 1.59 ± 0.68 | 2.31 ± 0.47 | 45.28 ** | 44.44 | <0.001 | 0.36 | |
CON | 1.95 ± 0.38 | 1.98 ± 0.35 | 1.53 | ||||
Rotatory Stability | |||||||
YOG | 1.23 ± 0.43 | 1.92 ± 0.27 | 56.10 ** | 0.15 | 0.70 | 0.002 | |
CON | 1.05 ± 0.22 | 1.78 ± 0.42 | 69.52 ** | ||||
Total FMS | |||||||
YOG | 13.03 ± 2.41 | 16.95 ± 1.89 | 30.08 ** | 29.08 | <0.001 | 0.27 | |
CON | 12.78 ± 2.06 | 14.22 ± 2.31 | 11.27 ** |
Identified Asymmetric Movement Pattern | Yes n% | No n% | χ2 | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-test | YOG | 8 | 20.5 | 31 | 79.5 | 0.44 | 0.51 |
CON | 11 | 26.8 | 30 | 73.2 | |||
Post-test | YOG | 16 | 41.0 | 23 | 59.0 | 0.75 | 0.39 |
CON | 13 | 31.7 | 28 | 68.3 |
Yoga Group | Control Group | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | Time | ≤1 Point [n (%)] | ≥2 Point [n (%)] | χ2 | p | ≤1 Point [n (%)] | ≥2 Point [n (%)] | χ2 | p |
Deep Squat | |||||||||
Pre-test | 15 (38.5) | 24 (61.5) | 18.57 | <0.001 ** | 4 (9.8) | 37 (90.2) | 0 | 1 | |
Post-test | 0 (0) | 39 (100) | 4 (9.8) | 37 (90.2) | |||||
Hurdle Step | |||||||||
Pre-test | 4 (10.3) | 35 (89.7) | 2.31 | 0.13 | 16 (39) | 25 (61.0) | 0.05 | 0.82 | |
Post-test | 9 (23.1) | 30 (76.9) | 17 (41.5) | 24 (58.5) | |||||
In-line Lunge | |||||||||
Pre-test | 1 (2.6) | 38 (97.4) | 0 | 1 | 1 (2.4) | 40 (97.6) | 4.99 | 0.03 | |
Post-test | 1 (2.6) | 38 (97.4) | 7 (17.1) | 34 (82.9) | |||||
Shoulder Mobility | |||||||||
Pre-test | 20 (51.3) | 19 (48.7) | 26.90 | <0.001 ** | 16 (39.0) | 25 (61.0) | 6.21 | 0.01 ** | |
Post-test | 0 (0) | 39 (0) | 6 (14.6) | 35 (85.4) | |||||
Active Straight-Leg Raise | |||||||||
Pre-test | 7 (17.9) | 32 (82.1) | 1.84 | 0.18 | 12 (29.3) | 29 (70.7) | 1.71 | 0.19 | |
Post-test | 3 (7.7) | 36 (92.3) | 7 (17.1) | 34 (82.9) | |||||
Trunk Stability Pushup | |||||||||
Pre-test | 14 (35.9) | 25 (64.1) | 17.07 | <0.001 ** | 4 (9.8) | 37 (90.2) | 0.16 | 0.69 | |
Post-test | 0 (0) | 39 (100) | 3 (7.3) | 38 (92.7) | |||||
Rotatory Stability | |||||||||
Pre-test | 30 (76.9) | 9 (23.1) | 38.29 | <0.001 ** | 39 (95.1) | 2 (4.9) | 45.22 | <0.001 ** | |
Post-test | 3 (7.7) | 36 (92.3) | 9 (22.0) | 32 (78.0) |
Outcome | Group | Pre-Test | Post-Test | % Δ | A Group-by-Time Interaction Effect | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MAAS | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | F(1,78) | p | Partial ŋ2 | ||
YOG | 53.62 ± 15.36 | 61.54 ± 12.31 | 14.78 ** | 13.56 | <0.001 | 0.15 | |
CON | 65.93 ± 14.53 | 67.80 ± 13.00 | 2.84 |
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Xu, D.; Wu, H.; Ruan, H.; Yuan, C.; Gao, J.; Guo, M. Effects of Yoga Intervention on Functional Movement Patterns and Mindfulness in Collegiate Athletes: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214930
Xu D, Wu H, Ruan H, Yuan C, Gao J, Guo M. Effects of Yoga Intervention on Functional Movement Patterns and Mindfulness in Collegiate Athletes: A Quasi-Experimental Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(22):14930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214930
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Dan, Hua Wu, Hui Ruan, Cunzhu Yuan, Junke Gao, and Meng Guo. 2022. "Effects of Yoga Intervention on Functional Movement Patterns and Mindfulness in Collegiate Athletes: A Quasi-Experimental Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22: 14930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214930