Association between Dietary Diversity and Sociopsychological Factors and the Onset of Dyslipidemia after the Great East Japan Earthquake: Fukushima Health Management Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Definitions of Variables
2.2.1. Lifestyle-Related Disease
2.2.2. Dietary Diversity Score
2.2.3. Lifestyle and Sociopsychological Factor
2.3. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Results of Hyper-LDLemia
3.3. Results of Hypo-HDLemia
3.4. Results of Hyper-TGemia
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Low-Density Lipoprotein Hypercholesterolemia | High-Density Lipoprotein Hypocholesterolemia | Hyper-Triglyceridemia | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of participants | 11,274 | 16,581 | 12,653 | |||||||
Follow-up period | Person/years | 3.6 ± 2.0 | 4.0 ± 1.9 | 3.7 ± 1.9 | ||||||
Incidence rate | 1000 person/years | 101.1 | 62.0 | 90.1 | ||||||
No incident | Incident case | p value | No incident | Incident case | p value | No incident | Incident case | p value | ||
Number of individuals at risk | 7172 | 4102 | 12,472 | 4109 | 8436 | 4217 | ||||
Age (years) | 61.8 ± 11.7 | 61.2 ± 10.6 | 60.6 ± 11.0 | 63.3 ± 9.6 | 61.0 ± 11.3 | 62.2 ± 9.7 | ||||
Follow-up period | Person/years | 4.3 ± 1.8 | 2.3 ± 1.6 | 4.5 ± 1.7 | 2.4 ± 1.6 | 4.4 ± 1.7 | 2.4 ± 1.6 | |||
Sex | Men | 3699 (51.6) | 1724 (42.0) | <0.01 | 5161 (41.4) | 1780 (43.3) | 0.03 | 3318 (39.3) | 1783 (42.3) | <0.01 |
Women | 3473 (48.4) | 2378 (58.0) | 7311 (58.6) | 2329 (56.7) | 5118 (60.7) | 2434 (57.7) | ||||
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 62 ± 17 | 59 ± 16 | 64 ± 14 | 57 ± 13 | 65 ± 15 | 59± 14 | ||||
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 105 ± 20 | 120 ± 17 | 125 ± 30 | 145 ± 35 | 122 ± 28 | 142 ± 34 | ||||
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 100 ± 71 | 122 ± 95 | 100 ± 59 | 129 ± 75 | 79 ± 27 | 101 ± 28 | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 3.3 | 23.8 ± 3.4 | 23.2 ± 3.3 | 24.3 ± 3.3 | 22.9 ± 3.2 | 24.0 ± 3.2 | ||||
BMI | Standard (BMI ≤ 18.5 to <25.0 kg/m2) | 4797 (66.9) | 2604 (63.5) | <0.01 | 8419 (67.5) | 2402 (58.5) | <0.01 | 5885 (69.8) | 2645 (62.7) | <0.01 |
Lean (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) | 449 (6.3) | 169 (4.1) | 697 (5.6) | 111 (2.7) | 566 (6.7) | 113 (2.7) | ||||
Obesity (25.0 kg/m2 ≤ BMI) | 1921 (26.8) | 1329 (32.4) | 3350 (26.9) | 1594 (38.8) | 1982 (23.5) | 1458 (34.6) | ||||
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 100 ± 20 | 101 ± 20 | 99 ± 19 | 104 ± 23 | 99 ± 18 | 102 ± 21 | ||||
Casual blood glucose (mg/dL) | 106 ± 38 | 111 ± 42 | 104 ± 34 | 114 ± 44 | - | - | ||||
Hemoglobin A1c (NGSP) (%) | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.6 ± 0.8 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | ||||
Medication for diabetes mellitus | No | 6699 (94.6) | 3761 (93.2) | 11,807 (96.0) | 3750 (92.5) | 7973 (95.9) | 3884 (93.2) | |||
Yes | 386 (5.4) | 274 (6.8) | 496 (4.0) | 304 (7.5) | 344 (4.1) | 285 (6.8) | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | No | 6415 (90.5) | 3583 (88.6) | <0.01 | 11,343 (92.1) | 3489 (85.9) | <0.01 | 7692 (92.4) | 3678 (88.1) | <0.01 |
Yes | 672 (9.5) | 461 (11.4) | 967 (7.9) | 574 (14.1) | 631 (7.6) | 496 (11.9) | ||||
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 25 ± 15 | 25 ± 18 | 24 ± 13 | 26 ± 15 | 23 ± 9 | 25± 18 | ||||
Alanine aminotransaminase (U/L) | 21 ± 17 | 23 ± 25 | 21 ± 16 | 24 ± 19 | 20 ± 13 | 23± 18 | ||||
γ-glutamyl transferase (U/L) | 37 ± 60 | 36 ± 51 | 35 ± 47 | 39 ± 56 | 29 ± 33 | 36 ± 45 | ||||
Liver dysfunction | No | 5156 (71.9) | 2928 (71.4) | 0.56 | 9192 (73.7) | 2805 (68.3) | <0.01 | 6602 (78.3) | 2950 (70.0) | <0.01 |
Yes | 2016 (28.1) | 1174 (28.6) | 3280 (26.3) | 1304 (31.7) | 1834 (21.7) | 1267 (30.0) | ||||
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 73.8 ± 14.2 | 72.7 ± 13.8 | 74.0 ± 13.5 | 71.4 ± 13.7 | 74.0 ± 13.4 | 72.1 ± 13.4 | ||||
Proteinuria | Negative | 7045 (98.5) | 4035 (98.7) | 12,309 (99.0) | 4023 (98.1) | 8334 (99.0) | 4142 (98.4) | |||
Positive | 104 (1.5) | 52 (1.3) | 122 (1.0) | 78 (1.9) | 80 (1.0) | 66 (1.6) | ||||
Renal dysfunction | No | 6062 (84.7) | 3390 (82.9) | 0.01 | 10,790 (86.8) | 3274 (79.8) | <0.01 | 7302 (86.7) | 3474 (82.6) | <0.01 |
Yes | 1093 (15.3) | 699 (17.1) | 1648 (13.2) | 829 (20.2) | 1116 (13.3) | 734 (17.4) |
Low-Density Lipoprotein Hypercholesterolemia | High-Density Lipoprotein Hypocholesterolemia | Hyper-Triglyceridemia | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Incident | Incident Case | p Value | No Incident | Incident Case | p Value | No Incident | Incident Case | p Value | ||
Number of individuals at risk | 7172 | 4102 | 12,472 | 4109 | 8436 | 4217 | ||||
Dietary diversity score | Low (0–1) | 1088 (20.5) | 693 (22.1) | 0.03 | 2136 (22.2) | 618 (20.0) | <0.01 | 1326 (20.4) | 702 (21.5) | 0.628 |
Middle low (2) | 1576 (29.7) | 838 (26.8) | 2707 (28.2) | 815 (26.3) | 1801 (27.7) | 892 (27.3) | ||||
Middle high (3) | 1264 (23.8) | 747 (23.9) | 2275 (23.7) | 749 (24.2) | 1567 (24.1) | 767 (23.5) | ||||
High (4–7) | 1383 (26.0) | 852 (27.2) | 2498 (26.0) | 912 (29.5) | 1817 (27.9) | 909 (27.8) | ||||
Educational background | Elementary and junior high school | 2003 (29.0) | 1056 (26.7) | 0.09 | 3102 (25.8) | 1175 (29.7) | <0.01 | 2098 (25.9) | 1103 (27.1) | <0.01 |
High school | 3456 (50.0) | 2047 (51.7) | 6178 (51.4) | 2027 (51.3) | 4144 (51.1) | 2148 (52.8) | ||||
Vocational school/junior college | 973 (14.1) | 575 (14.5) | 1916 (15.9) | 514 (13.0) | 1306 (16.1) | 578 (14.2) | ||||
University/graduate school | 484 (7.0) | 279 (7.1) | 820 (6.8) | 238 (6.0) | 566 (7.0) | 242 (5.9) | ||||
Exercise habit | Almost every day | 1364 (19.5) | 722 (18.0) | 0.14 | 2176 (17.9) | 729 (18.2) | <0.01 | 1510 (18.4) | 753 (18.3) | 0.17 |
2–4 times per week | 1716 (24.5) | 953 (23.8) | 2873 (23.6) | 1069 (26.7) | 2011 (24.5) | 1061 (25.7) | ||||
Approximately once per week | 1006 (14.4) | 596 (14.9) | 1754 (14.4) | 625 (15.6) | 1179 (14.3) | 619 (15.0) | ||||
Almost never | 2910 (41.6) | 1730 (43.2) | 5376 (44.1) | 1583 (39.5) | 3523 (42.8) | 1688 (41.0) | ||||
Level of sleep satisfaction | Satisfied | 2154 (36.9) | 1105 (32.7) | <0.01 | 3546 (34.7) | 1086 (32.8) | <0.01 | 2394 (34.7) | 1104 (32.4) | <0.01 |
Slightly unsatisfied | 2610 (44.7) | 1563 (46.3) | 4729 (46.3) | 1521 (45.9) | 3213 (46.6) | 1585 (46.5) | ||||
Quite unsatisfied | 857 (14.7) | 547 (16.2) | 1538 (15.1) | 528 (15.9) | 1026 (14.9) | 548 (16.1) | ||||
Very dissatisfied | 218 (3.7) | 160 (4.7) | 402 (3.9) | 180 (5.4) | 260 (3.8) | 169 (5.0) | ||||
Drinking habit | Never drinks or rarely drinks | 2901 (41.3) | 1982 (49.3) | <0.01 | 5780 (47.3) | 2128 (52.8) | <0.01 | 4038 (48.8) | 2141 (51.7) | <0.01 |
Former drinking | 213 (3.0) | 118 (2.9) | 286 (2.3) | 126 (3.1) | 207 (2.5) | 118 (2.8) | ||||
Current drinking (ethanol intake < 44.0 g/day) | 2921 (41.6) | 1530 (38.1) | 4827 (39.5) | 1425 (35.4) | 3330 (40.3) | 1461 (35.2) | ||||
Heavy drinking (ethanol intake ≥ 44.0 g/day) | 988 (14.1) | 391 (9.7) | 1338 (10.9) | 348 (8.6) | 697 (8.4) | 425 (10.3) | ||||
Smoking habit | Never smoked | 3818 (54.8) | 2438 (61.4) | <0.01 | 7455 (61.6) | 2454 (61.6) | 0.07 | 5318 (64.9) | 2552 (62.2) | 0.01 |
Former smoking | 1955 (28.1) | 979 (24.7) | 2861 (23.6) | 993 (24.9) | 1843 (22.5) | 990 (24.1) | ||||
Current smoking | 1190 (17.1) | 554 (14.0) | 1785 (14.8) | 538 (13.5) | 1029 (12.6) | 562 (13.7) | ||||
Experience of tsunami | No | 5788 (80.7) | 3276 (79.9) | 0.28 | 10,098 (81.0) | 3245 (79.0) | <0.01 | 6807 (80.7) | 3327 (78.9) | 0.02 |
Yes | 1384 (19.3) | 826 (20.1) | 2374 (19.0) | 864 (21.0) | 1629 (19.3) | 890 (21.1) | ||||
Experience of nuclear accident (explosion heard) | No | 3295 (45.9) | 1817 (44.3) | 0.09 | 5836 (46.8) | 1704 (41.5) | <0.01 | 3970 (47.1) | 1761 (41.8) | <0.01 |
Yes | 3877 (54.1) | 2285 (55.7) | 6636 (53.2) | 2405 (58.5) | 4466 (52.9) | 2456 (58.2) | ||||
Experience of evacuation | No | 3357 (47.0) | 1601 (39.2) | <0.01 | 5738 (46.2) | 1529 (37.4) | <0.01 | 3943 (47.0) | 1649 (39.3) | <0.01 |
Yes | 3782 (53.0) | 2480 (60.8) | 6683 (53.8) | 2557 (62.6) | 4453 (53.0) | 2551 (60.7) | ||||
Job change | No | 6952 (96.9) | 3990 (97.3) | 0.31 | 12,092 (97.0) | 4016 (97.7) | <0.01 | 8199 (97.2) | 4111 (97.5) | 0.33 |
Yes | 220 (3.1) | 112 (2.7) | 380 (3.0) | 93 (2.3) | 237 (2.8) | 106 (2.5) | ||||
Job loss | No | 5581 (77.8) | 3058 (74.5) | <0.01 | 9547 (76.5) | 3051 (74.3) | <0.01 | 6508 (77.1) | 3166 (75.1) | <0.01 |
Yes | 1591 (22.2) | 1044 (25.5) | 2925 (23.5) | 1058 (25.7) | 1928 (22.9) | 1051 (24.9) | ||||
PTSD symptoms | No | 5355 (79.4) | 2948 (75.6) | <0.01 | 9376 (79.1) | 2914 (75.3) | <0.01 | 6349 (79.4) | 3065 (76.9) | <0.01 |
Yes | 1389 (20.6) | 953 (24.4) | 2470 (20.9) | 954 (24.7) | 1649 (20.6) | 919 (23.1) | ||||
Anxiety regarding the acute health impact of radiation | Extremely low to high | 6288 (93.3) | 3601 (93.1) | 0.70 | 11,069 (94.0) | 3566 (92.4) | <0.01 | 7484 (94.0) | 3714 (93.2) | 0.09 |
Extremely high | 454 (6.7) | 268 (6.9) | 709 (6.0) | 295 (7.6) | 480 (6.0) | 272 (6.8) | ||||
Anxiety regarding the impact of radiation on health in later years | Extremely low to high | 5172 (76.2) | 2907 (75.0) | 0.15 | 9011 (76.2) | 2881 (74.3) | 0.02 | 6080 (76.1) | 3013 (75.2) | 0.25 |
Extremely high | 1615 (23.8) | 971 (25.0) | 2818 (23.8) | 995 (25.7) | 1905 (23.9) | 994 (24.8) | ||||
Anxiety regarding the impact of radiation on the health of the next generation | Extremely low to high | 4379 (64.7) | 2415 (62.4) | 0.02 | 7603 (64.5) | 2385 (61.7) | <0.01 | 5148 (64.6) | 2491 (62.5) | 0.02 |
Extremely high | 2390 (35.3) | 1455 (37.6) | 4187 (35.5) | 1482 (38.3) | 2824 (35.4) | 1497 (37.5) |
Low-Density Lipoprotein Hypercholesterolemia | High-Density Lipoprotein Hypocholesterolemia | Hyper-Triglyceridemia | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor | Parameter | Sex- and Age-Adjusted HR a (95% CI) a | p Value | Sex and Age-Adjusted HR (95% CI) a | p Value | Sex and Age-Adjusted HR (95% CI) a | p Value |
Age | Continuous | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.31 | 1.02 (1.02–1.03) | <0.01 | 1.01 (1.01–1.01) | <0.01 |
Sex | Men (Ref. women) | 0.74 (0.69–0.79) | <0.01 | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 0.95 | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | 0.01 |
BMI | Lean (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) (Ref. Standard (BMI ≤ 18.5 to <25.0 kg/m2)) | 0.69 (0.59–0.81) | <0.01 | 0.61 (0.51–0.74) | <0.01 | 0.50 (0.42–0.61) | <0.01 |
Obesity (25.0 kg/m2 ≤ BMI) | 1.28 (1.20–1.37) | <0.01 | 1.57 (1.48–1.67) | <0.01 | 1.50 (1.41–1.60) | <0.01 | |
Diabetes mellitus | Yes (Ref. no) | 1.30 (1.18–1.44) | <0.01 | 1.66 (1.52–1.82) | <0.01 | 1.47 (1.33–1.62) | 0.01 |
Liver dysfunction | Yes (Ref. no) | 1.15 (1.07–1.24) | <0.01 | 1.29 (1.21–1.39) | <0.01 | 1.42 (1.33–1.52) | <0.01 |
Renal dysfunction | Yes (Ref. no) | 1.22 (1.12–1.33) | <0.01 | 1.40 (1.29–1.51) | <0.01 | 1.26 (1.16–1.37) | <0.01 |
Dietary diversity score | Middle low (2) (Ref. low (0–1)) | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | <0.01 | 0.97 (0.87–1.07) | 0.50 | 0.90 (0.82–1.00) | 0.04 |
Middle high (3) | 0.90 (0.81–1.00) | 0.05 | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 0.84 | 0.86 (0.78–0.96) | <0.01 | |
High (4–7) | 0.94 (0.84–1.04) | 0.21 | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 0.97 | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | <0.01 | |
Educational background | High school (Ref. elementary/junior high school) | 1.04 (0.96–1.12) | 0.38 | 0.99 (0.92–1.06) | 0.71 | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 0.93 |
Vocational school/junior college | 0.97 (0.87–1.09) | 0.62 | 0.90 (0.80–1.00) | 0.05 | 0.93 (0.83–1.03) | 0.17 | |
University/graduate school | 1.11 (0.97–1.27) | 0.12 | 0.92 (0.80–1.06) | 0.23 | 0.88 (0.76–1.01) | 0.07 | |
Exercise habit | 2–4 times per week (Ref. almost every day) | 1.00 (0.90–1.10) | 0.94 | 1.11 (1.01–1.21) | 0.04 | 1.04 (0.94–1.14) | 0.46 |
Approximately once per week | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) | 0.29 | 1.12 (1.01–1.25) | 0.04 | 1.06 (0.96–1.18) | 0.26 | |
Almost never | 1.06 (0.96–1.16) | 0.25 | 1.13 (1.03–1.24) | 0.01 | 1.09 (0.99–1.19) | 0.07 | |
Level of sleep satisfaction | Slightly unsatisfied (Ref. satisfied) | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) | 0.11 | 1.08 (1.00–1.17) | 0.06 | 1.09 (1.01–1.17) | 0.04 |
Quite unsatisfied | 1.12 (1.01–1.24) | 0.04 | 1.18 (1.06–1.31) | <0.01 | 1.16 (1.05–1.29) | <0.01 | |
Very dissatisfied | 1.22 (1.03–1.44) | 0.02 | 1.41 (1.20–1.65) | <0.01 | 1.33 (1.13–1.57) | <0.01 | |
Drinking habit | Former drinking (Ref. never drinks or rarely drinks) | 1.02 (0.84–1.23) | 0.85 | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) | 0.96 | 0.97 (0.81–1.18) | 0.78 |
Current drinking (ethanol intake < 44 g/day) | 0.84 (0.78–0.90) | <0.01 | 0.77 (0.72–0.83) | <0.01 | 0.81 (0.75–0.87) | <0.01 | |
Heavy drinking (ethanol intake ≥ 44 g/day) | 0.70 (0.62–0.79) | <0.01 | 0.66 (0.59–0.75) | <0.01 | 1.02 (0.9–1.14) | 0.80 | |
Smoking habit | Former smoking (Ref. never smoked) | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 0.88 | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 0.52 | 1.08 (0.99–1.18) | 0.10 |
Current smoking | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 0.87 | 1.09 (0.98–1.21) | 0.12 | 1.20 (1.08–1.33) | <0.01 | |
Experience of tsunami | Yes (Ref. no) | 1.09 (1.01–1.18) | 0.02 | 1.08 (1.00–1.17) | 0.04 | 1.08 (1.00–1.16) | 0.05 |
Experience of nuclear accident (explosion heard) | Yes (Ref. no) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 0.02 | 1.13 (1.07–1.21) | <0.01 | 1.13 (1.06–1.20) | <0.01 |
Experience of evacuation | Yes (Ref. no) | 1.21 (1.14–1.29) | <0.01 | 1.32 (1.24–1.41) | <0.01 | 1.21 (1.13–1.28) | <0.01 |
Job change | Yes (Ref. no) | 0.95 (0.79–1.15) | 0.60 | 0.99 (0.80–1.21) | 0.89 | 1.01 (0.83–1.23) | 0.90 |
Job loss | Yes (Ref. no) | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) | 0.01 | 1.19 (1.10–1.27) | <0.01 | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) | 0.01 |
PTSD symptoms | Yes (Ref. no) | 1.16 (1.07–1.24) | <0.01 | 1.16 (1.08–1.25) | <0.01 | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) | <0.01 |
Anxiety regarding the acute health impact of radiation | Extremely high (Ref. extremely low to high) | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) | 0.28 | 1.23 (1.09–1.39) | <0.01 | 1.12 (0.99–1.27) | 0.07 |
Anxiety regarding the impact of radiation on health in later years | Extremely high (Ref. extremely low to high) | 1.06 (0.98–1.14) | 0.14 | 1.10 (1.03–1.19) | <0.01 | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | 0.17 |
Anxiety regarding impact of radiation on the health of the next generation | Extremely high (Ref. extremely low to high) | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) | <0.01 | 1.11 (1.04–1.18) | <0.01 | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | 0.01 |
Low-Density Lipoprotein Hypercholesterolemia | High-Density Lipoprotein Hypocholesterolemia | Hyper-Triglyceridemia | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor | Parameter | Adjusted HR (95% CI) a | p Value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) b | p Value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) c | p Value |
Age | Continuous | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.18 | 1.02 (1.02–1.02) | <0.01 | 1.01 (1.01–1.01) | <0.01 |
Sex | Men (Ref. women) | 0.78 (0.72–0.85) | <0.01 | 1.06 (0.98–1.14) | 0.16 | 0.97 (0.88–1.05) | 0.43 |
BMI | Lean (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) (Ref. Standard (BMI ≤ 18.5 to <25.0 kg/m2)) | 0.69 (0.59–0.81) | <0.01 | 0.62 (0.52–0.75) | <0.01 | 0.50 (0.42–0.61) | <0.01 |
Obesity (25.0 kg/m2 ≤ BMI) | 1.21 (1.13–1.30) | <0.01 | 1.45 (1.36–1.55) | <0.01 | 1.39 (1.31–1.49) | <0.01 | |
Diabetes mellitus | Yes (Ref. no) | 1.21 (1.10–1.34) | <0.01 | 1.50 (1.37–1.64) | <0.01 | 1.32 (1.20–1.46) | <0.01 |
Liver dysfunction | Yes (Ref. no) | 1.12 (1.04–1.20) | <0.01 | 1.20 (1.12–1.28) | <0.01 | 1.30 (1.21–1.39) | <0.01 |
Renal dysfunction | Yes (Ref. no) | 1.17 (1.07–1.28) | <0.01 | 1.33 (1.23–1.44) | <0.01 | 1.21 (1.11–1.31) | <0.01 |
Dietary diversity score | Middle low (2) (Ref. low (0–1)) | 0.88 (0.79–0.97) | 0.01 | 0.93 (0.84–1.02) | 0.13 | ||
Middle high (3) | 0.93 (0.84–1.04) | 0.19 | 0.90 (0.81–1.00) | 0.05 | |||
High (4–7) | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 0.71 | 0.91 (0.82–1.00) | 0.06 | |||
Educational background | High school (Ref. elementary/junior high school) | 1.00 (0.92–1.07) | 0.90 | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 0.88 | ||
Vocational school/junior college | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | 0.14 | 0.97 (0.87–1.07) | 0.51 | |||
University/graduate school | 0.94 (0.82–1.09) | 0.41 | 0.93 (0.81–1.08) | 0.34 | |||
Exercise habit | 2–4 times per week (Ref. almost every day) | 1.06 (0.97–1.17) | 0.20 | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 0.87 | ||
Approximately once per week | 1.11 (0.99–1.23) | 0.07 | 1.03 (0.93–1.15) | 0.55 | |||
Almost never | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) | 0.03 | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 0.52 | |||
Level of sleep satisfaction | Slightly unsatisfied (Ref. satisfied) | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 0.53 | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 0.43 | 1.07 (0.98–1.15) | 0.12 |
Quite unsatisfied | 1.03 (0.93–1.15) | 0.55 | 1.09 (0.97–1.21) | 0.14 | 1.12 (1.01–1.25) | 0.04 | |
Very dissatisfied | 1.08 (0.91–1.28) | 0.41 | 1.22 (1.03–1.44) | 0.02 | 1.23 (1.03–1.46) | 0.02 | |
drinking habit | Former drinking (Ref. never drinks or rarely drinks) | 1.00 (0.82–1.21) | 0.96 | 0.98 (0.82–1.18) | 0.87 | 0.96 (0.79–1.16) | 0.66 |
Current drinking (ethanol intake < 44 g/day) | 0.84 (0.78–0.90) | <0.01 | 0.77 (0.72–0.83) | <0.01 | 0.80 (0.75–0.86) | <0.01 | |
Heavy drinking (ethanol intake ≥ 44 g/day) | 0.68 (0.60–0.77) | <0.01 | 0.63 (0.55–0.71) | <0.01 | 0.94 (0.83–1.06) | 0.28 | |
Smoking habit | Former smoking (Ref. never smoked) | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) | 0.16 | ||||
Current smoking | 1.20 (1.08–1.33) | <0.01 | |||||
Experience of tsunami | Yes (Ref. no) | 1.06 (0.98–1.14) | 0.17 | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 0.48 | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 0.49 |
Experience of nuclear accident (explosion heard) | Yes (Ref. no) | 1.01 (0.94–1.07) | 0.88 | 1.04 (0.98–1.12) | 0.20 | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) | 0.09 |
Experience of evacuation | Yes (Ref. no) | 1.18 (1.10–1.26) | <0.01 | 1.26 (1.17–1.35) | <0.01 | 1.15 (1.07–1.23) | <0.01 |
Job loss | Yes (Ref. no) | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 0.77 | 1.07 (1.00–1.16) | 0.06 | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) | 0.72 |
PTSD symptoms | Yes (Ref. no) | 1.08 (1.00–1.18) | 0.05 | 1.04 (0.95–1.12) | 0.41 | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | 0.85 |
Anxiety regarding the acute health impact of radiation | Extremely high (Ref. extremely low to high) | 1.13 (0.99–1.29) | 0.08 | 1.03 (0.90–1.17) | 0.70 | ||
Anxiety regarding the impact of radiation on health in later years | Extremely high (Ref. extremely low to high) | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 0.82 | ||||
Anxiety regarding impact of radiation on the health of the next generation | Extremely high (Ref. extremely low to high) | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 0.18 | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 0.42 | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) | 0.39 |
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Hayashi, F.; Ohira, T.; Sato, S.; Nakano, H.; Okazaki, K.; Nagao, M.; Shimabukuro, M.; Sakai, A.; Kazama, J.J.; Hosoya, M.; et al. Association between Dietary Diversity and Sociopsychological Factors and the Onset of Dyslipidemia after the Great East Japan Earthquake: Fukushima Health Management Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214636
Hayashi F, Ohira T, Sato S, Nakano H, Okazaki K, Nagao M, Shimabukuro M, Sakai A, Kazama JJ, Hosoya M, et al. Association between Dietary Diversity and Sociopsychological Factors and the Onset of Dyslipidemia after the Great East Japan Earthquake: Fukushima Health Management Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(22):14636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214636
Chicago/Turabian StyleHayashi, Fumikazu, Tetsuya Ohira, Shiho Sato, Hironori Nakano, Kanako Okazaki, Masanori Nagao, Michio Shimabukuro, Akira Sakai, Junichiro James Kazama, Mitsuaki Hosoya, and et al. 2022. "Association between Dietary Diversity and Sociopsychological Factors and the Onset of Dyslipidemia after the Great East Japan Earthquake: Fukushima Health Management Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22: 14636. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214636