Associations of Relative Handgrip Strength and Aerobic and Strength Exercises with Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Blood Samples and Anthropometric Assessments
2.2.1. High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL), Triglyceride, and Fasting Glucose
2.2.2. Blood Pressure
2.2.3. Waist Circumference
2.2.4. Body Mass Index
2.3. Handgrip Strength and Physical Activity Questionnaires
2.3.1. Handgrip Strength
2.3.2. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ)
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Participant Characteristics
3.2. Primary Outcome: Associations between Relative Handgrip Strength and Metabolic Syndrome Risks
3.3. Secondary Outcomes: Aerobic and Strength Exercise Activity and Handgrip Strength
3.4. Associations between Aerobic and Strength Exercise and Metabolic Syndrome Risks
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | Total (4836) | Male (2170) | Female (2666) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Average age (year) | 42.23 ± 0.28 | 41.89 ± 0.36 | 42.58 ± 0.35 | |
Height (cm) | 166.42 ± 0.17 | 172.84 ± 0.19 | 159.65 ± 0.14 | |
Weight (kg) | 66.6 ± 0.23 | 73.97 ± 0.30 | 58.82 ± 0.23 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.92 ± 0.07 | 24.72 ± 0.09 | 23.08 ± 0.09 | |
WC (cm) | 81.52 ± 0.19 | 86.14 ± 0.24 | 76.64 ± 0.24 | |
SBP (mmHg) | 115.53 ± 0.33 | 118.75 ± 0.41 | 117.73 ± 0.40 | |
DBP (mmHg) | 76.71 ± 0.22 | 79.48 ± 0.30 | 73.48 ± 0.25 | |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 98.53 ± 0.36 | 101.73 ± 0.64 | 95.10 ± 0.40 | |
HbA1c (%) | 5.57 ± 0.01 | 5.63 ± 0.02 | 5.50 ± 0.01 | |
TC (mg/dL) | 193.71 ± 0.76 | 193.65 ± 1.01 | 193.77 ± 0.93 | |
TG (mg/dL) | 136.91 ± 2.09 | 164.54 ± 3.42 | 107.27 ± 1.76 | |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 51.69 ± 0.29 | 47.47 ± 0.32 | 56.122 ± 0.33 | |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 119.95 ± 1.49 | 119.63 ± 1.78 | 120.97 ± 2.44 | |
Metabolic syndrome (N) | no | 3995 (82.6%) | 1680 (77.4%) | 2207 (82.8%) |
yes | 841 (17.4%) | 490 (22.6%) | 325 (12.2%) | |
Aerobic exercise participations (N) | no | 2515 (52.0%) | 1116 (51.4%) | 1271 (47.7%) |
yes | 2821 (48.0%) | 1054 (48.6%) | 1394 (52.3%) | |
Strength exercise participations (N) | no | 3370 (69.7%) | 1335 (61.5%) | 2077 (77.9%) |
1 day/week | 203 (4.2%) | 115 (5.3%) | 91 (3.4%) | |
2 days/week | 266 (5.5%) | 154 (7.1%) | 117 (4.4%) | |
3 days/week | 338 (7.0%) | 117 (8.2%) | 154 (5.8%) | |
4 days/week | 184 (3.8%) | 115 (5.3%) | 51 (1.9%) | |
≥5 days/week | 294 (6.1%) | 93 (8.9%) | 104 (3.9%) | |
Relative handgrip strength (%) | left | 45.08 ± 0.25 | 52.20 ± 0.33 | 27.39 ± 0.23 |
right | 43.01 ± 0.23 | 50.02 ± 0.29 | 35.50 ± 0.23 | |
Relative handgrip strength (%) left | 1st | 7.90–34.09 | 18.21–40.70 | 7.90–26.54 |
2nd | 34.10–60.20 | 40.80–63.73 | 26.55–45.18 | |
3rd | 60.30–86.50 | 63.74–86.50 | 45.19–63.84 | |
Relative handgrip strength (%) right | 1st | 9.15–36.52 | 20.19–43.89 | 9.15–27.95 |
2nd | 36.53–63.90 | 43.90–67.59 | 27.96–46.75 | |
3rd | 63.91–91.30 | 67.51–91.30 | 46.77–65.57 | |
p-values > 0.05 |
Unadjusted OR (CI) | Adjusted OR (CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total sample | ||||
Relative handgrip strength (%) | 1/3 | Left: 7.90–34.09 | 1 | 1 |
Right: 9.15–36.52 | 1 | 1 | ||
2/3 | Left: 34.10–60.2 | 0.68 (0.57, 0.83) * | 0.30 (0.24, 0.39) *,+ | |
Right: 36.53–63.90 | 0.70 (0.58, 0.84) * | 0.31 (0.25, 0.39) *,+ | ||
3/3 | Left: 60.3–86.5 | 0.37 (0.24, 0.57) * | 0.11 (0.07, 0.17) *,+ | |
Right: 63.91–91.30 | 0.29 (0.16, 0.50) * | 0.09 (0.05, 0.16) *,+ | ||
Female | ||||
Relative Handgrip strength (%) | 1/3 | Left: 7.90–26.54 | 1 | 1 |
Right: 9.15–27.95 | 1 | 1 | ||
2/3 | Left: 26.55–45.18 | 0.22 (0.16, 0.31) * | 0.23 (0.17, 0.33) *,++ | |
Right: 27.96–46.75 | 0.23 (0.16, 0.31) * | 0.23 (0.16, 0.33) *,++ | ||
3/3 | Left: 45.19–63.84 | 0.04(0.02, 0.10) * | 0.05(0.02, 0.11) *,++ | |
Right: 46.77–65.57 | 0.07(0.03, 0.16) * | 0.08(0.03, 0.17) *,++ | ||
Male | ||||
Relative handgrip strength (%) | 1/3 | Left: 18.21–40.70 | 1 | 1 |
Right: 20.19–43.89 | 1 | 1 | ||
2/3 | Left: 40.80–63.73 | 0.45 (0.34, 0.58) * | 0.36 (0.27, 0.48) *,++ | |
Right: 43.90–67.59 | 0.43 (0.34, 0.55) * | 0.37 (0.29, 0.47) *,++ | ||
3/3 | Left: 63.74–86.50 | 0.25 (0.14, 0.47) * | 0.21 (0.11, 0.38) *,++ | |
Right: 67.51–91.30 | 0.14 (0.05, 0.37) * | 0.13 (0.05, 0.33) *,++ |
Aerobic Physical Activity | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||||||
Left | 1st | 44.90% | 55.10% | ||||
2nd | 51.20% | 28.80% | |||||
3rd | 50.10% | 49.90% | |||||
Right | 1st | 46.20% | 53.80% | ||||
2nd | 50.80% | 49.20% | |||||
3rd | 50.60% | 49.40% | |||||
p-values < 0.5 | |||||||
Strength Exercise | |||||||
No | 1 day/week | 2 days/week | 3 days/week | 4 days/week | More than 5 days/week | ||
Left | 1st | 82.00% | 2.50% | 4.60% | 4.20% | 1.60% | 3.00% |
2nd | 66.00% | 4.90% | 6.00% | 7.80% | 4.20% | 7.60% | |
3rd | 51.50% | 8.10% | 8.70% | 13.10% | 7.00% | 8.70% | |
Right | 1st | 80.70% | 2.90% | 3.90% | 4.50% | 1.90% | 2.80% |
2nd | 67.70% | 4.50% | 6.50% | 7.20% | 4.00% | 7.10% | |
3rd | 53.40% | 4.70% | 8.40% | 12.50% | 7.90% | 9.10% | |
p-values < 0.5 |
Unadjusted OR (CI) | Adjusted OR (CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Total sample | |||
Aerobic exercise | No | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 0.69 (0.58, 0.84) * | 0.80 (0.66, 1.18) *,+ | |
Strength exercise | No | 1 | 1 |
1 day/week | 0.99 (0.67, 1.48) | 0.95 (0.62, 1.47) + | |
2 days/week | 0.91 (0.61, 1.34) | 0.92 (0.63, 1.35) + | |
3 days/week | 0.56 (0.37, 0.86) * | 0.53 (0.34, 0.83) *,+ | |
4 days/week | 0.71 (0.39, 1.27) | 0.72 (0.39, 1.33) + | |
≥5 days/week | 0.62 (0.42, 0.91) * | 0.50 (0.34, 0.75) *,+ | |
Female | |||
Aerobic exercise | No | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 0.80 (0.60, 1.06) | 0.94 (0.70, 1.26) ++ | |
Strength exercise | No | 1 | 1 |
1 day/week | 0.57 (0.28, 1.17) | 0.66 (0.33, 1.34) ++ | |
2 days/week | 0.37 (0.15, 0.93) * | 0.42 (0.17, 1.08) ++ | |
3 days/week | 0.63 (0.30, 1.32) | 0.65 (0.31, 1.37) ++ | |
4 days/week | 1.17 (0.48, 2.84) | 1.12 (0.45, 2.79) ++ | |
≥5 days/week | 0.50 (0.22, 1.20) | 0.44 (0.20, 0.997) ++ | |
Male | |||
Aerobic exercise | No | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 0.59 (0.46, 0.76) * | 0.73 (0.55, 0.95) *,++ | |
Strength exercise | No | 1 | 1 |
1 day/week | 0.88 (0.53, 1.46) | 0.96 (0.57, 1.63) ++ | |
2 days/week | 0.98 (0.62, 1.55) | 1.13 (0.72, 1.79) ++ | |
3 days/week | 0.47 (0.27, 0.81) * | 0.53 (0.31, 0.92) *,++ | |
4 days/week | 0.47 (0.24, 0.93) * | 0.61 (0.30, 1.23) ++ | |
≥5 days/week | 0.52 (0.33, 0.83) * | 0.54 (0.34, 0.86) *,++ |
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Lee, J. Associations of Relative Handgrip Strength and Aerobic and Strength Exercises with Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214646
Lee J. Associations of Relative Handgrip Strength and Aerobic and Strength Exercises with Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(22):14646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214646
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Junga. 2022. "Associations of Relative Handgrip Strength and Aerobic and Strength Exercises with Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22: 14646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214646