The Influence of Easing COVID-19 Restrictions on the Physical Activity Intentions and Perceived Barriers to Physical Activity in UK Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Data and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physical Activity
3.2. Perceived Barriers to Intended PA Target Behaviour
3.3. Influence of Intended PA Target Behaviour on Perceived Barriers to PA
4. Discussion
4.1. Application for Older Adult PA Interventions
4.2. Limitations and Future Direction
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Cunningham, C.; O’ Sullivan, R.; Caserotti, P.; Tully, M.A. Consequences of physical inactivity in older adults: A systematic review of reviews and meta-analyses. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sport. 2020, 30, 816–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Divo, M.J.; Martinez, C.H.; Mannino, D.M. Ageing and the epidemiology of multimorbidity. Eur. Respir. J. 2014, 44, 1055–1068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spiers, G.F.; Kunonga, T.P.; Beyer, F.; Craig, D.; Hanratty, B.; Jagger, C. Trends in health expectancies: A systematic review of international evidence. BMJ Open 2021, 11, e045567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Janssen, I.; Shepard, D.S.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Roubenoff, R. The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2004, 52, 80–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Daskalopoulou, C.; Stubbs, B.; Kralj, C.; Koukounari, A.; Prince, M.; Prina, A.M. Physical activity and healthy ageing: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Ageing Res. Rev. 2017, 38, 6–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chodzko-Zajko, W.J.; Proctor, D.N.; Singh, M.A.F.; Minson, C.T.; Nigg, C.R.; Salem, G.J.; Skinner, J.S. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. J. Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 2009, 41, 1510–1530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- NHS. Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet, England. 2020. Available online: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/statistics-on-obesity-physical-activity-and-diet/england-2020 (accessed on 2 December 2020).
- Elisabeth, A.L.; Karlen, S.B.; Magkos, F. The Effect of COVID-19-related Lockdowns on Diet and Physical Activity in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Aging Dis. 2021, 12, 1935–1947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- England, P.H. COVID-19: Wider Impacts on People Aged 65 and Over: An Estimation of the Impacts of Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Physical Activity and Falls in Older Adults and Recommendations to Mitigate These Effects; England, P.H., Ed.; Gov.uk. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-wider-impacts-on-people-aged-65-and-over (accessed on 26 September 2022).
- Breen, L.; Stokes, K.A.; Churchward-Venne, T.A.; Moore, D.R.; Baker, S.K.; Smith, K.; Atherton, P.J.; Phillips, S.M. Two weeks of reduced activity decreases leg lean mass and induces “anabolic resistance” of myofibrillar protein synthesis in healthy elderly. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013, 98, 2604–2612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oikawa, S.Y.; Holloway, T.M.; Phillips, S.M. The Impact of Step Reduction on Muscle Health in Aging: Protein and Exercise as Countermeasures. Front. Nutr. 2019, 6, 75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karthikbabu, S.; Verheyden, G. Relationship between trunk control, core muscle strength and balance confidence in community-dwelling patients with chronic stroke. Top. Stroke Rehabil. 2021, 28, 88–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Puthoff, M.L.; Nielsen, D.H. Relationships among Impairments in Lower-Extremity Strength and Power, Functional Limitations, and Disability in Older Adults. Phys. Ther. 2007, 87, 1334–1347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richardson, D.L.; Tallis, J.; Duncan, M.J.; Clarke, N.D.; Myers, T.D. The Ongoing Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Perceived Physical Activity, Physical Function and Mood of Older Adults in the U.K: A Follow-Up Study (March 2020–June 2021). Exp. Gerontol. 2022, in press. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.M. Perceived barriers to physical activity among older adults residing in long-term care institutions. J. Clin. Nurs. 2010, 19, 432–439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cavill, N.A.; Foster, C.E.M. Enablers and barriers to older people’s participation in strength and balance activities: A review of reviews. J. Frailty Sarcopenia Falls 2018, 3, 105–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yarmohammadi, S.; Mozafar Saadati, H.; Ghaffari, M.; Ramezankhani, A. A systematic review of barriers and motivators to physical activity in elderly adults in Iran and worldwide. Epidemiol. Health 2019, 41, e2019049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gray, P.M.; Murphy, M.H.; Gallagher, A.M.; Simpson, E.E. Motives and Barriers to Physical Activity among Older Adults of Different Socioeconomic Status. J. Aging Phys. Act. 2016, 24, 419–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gellert, P.; Witham, M.D.; Crombie, I.K.; Donnan, P.T.; McMurdo, M.E.T.; Sniehotta, F.F. The role of perceived barriers and objectively measured physical activity in adults aged 65–100. Age Ageing 2015, 44, 384–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ige-Elegbede, J.; Pilkington, P.; Gray, S.; Powell, J. Barriers and facilitators of physical activity among adults and older adults from Black and Minority Ethnic groups in the UK: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Prev. Med. Rep. 2019, 15, 100952. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buchan, D.S.; Ollis, S.; Thomas, N.E.; Baker, J.S. Physical activity behaviour: An overview of current and emergent theoretical practices. J. Obes. 2012, 2012, 546459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adams, J.; White, M. Are activity promotion interventions based on the transtheoretical model effective? A critical review. Br. J. Sport. Med. 2003, 37, 106–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rhodes, R.E.; McEwan, D.; Rebar, A.L. Theories of physical activity behaviour change: A history and synthesis of approaches. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2019, 42, 100–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Michie, S.; van Stralen, M.M.; West, R. The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement. Sci. 2011, 6, 42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- NICE. Behaviour Change: Individual Approaches Public Health Guideline [PH49]. Available online: https://www.google.com.hk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwie9eXO_7n6AhXQZd4KHbYEA00QFnoECBcQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nice.org.uk%2Fguidance%2Fph49&usg=AOvVaw1zng1g8vSlXHCvM3yCcqxL (accessed on 10 March 2022).
- Hurtig-Wennlof, A.; Hagstromer, M.; Olsson, L.A. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire modified for the elderly: Aspects of validity and feasibility. Public Health Nutr. 2010, 13, 1847–1854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rubio Castaneda, F.J.; Tomas Aznar, C.; Muro Baquero, C. Validity, Reliability and Associated Factors of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Adapted to Elderly (IPAQ-E). Rev. Esp. Salud Publica 2017, 91, e201701004. [Google Scholar]
- Keyworth, C.; Epton, T.; Goldthorpe, J.; Calam, R.; Armitage, C.J. Acceptability, reliability, and validity of a brief measure of capabilities, opportunities, and motivations ("COM-B"). Br. J. Health Psychol. 2020, 25, 474–501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jaijee, S.; Quinlan, M.; Tokarczuk, P.; Clemence, M.; Howard, L.; Gibbs, J.S.R.; O’Regan, D.P. Exercise cardiac MRI unmasks right ventricular dysfunction in acute hypoxia and chronic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2018, 315, H950–H957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blanca, M.J.; Alarcon, R.; Arnau, J.; Bono, R.; Bendayan, R. Non-normal data: Is ANOVA still a valid option? Psicothema 2017, 29, 552–557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richardson, J.T. Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research. Educ. Res. Rev. 2011, 6, 135–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lakens, D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front. Psychol. 2013, 4, 863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hopkins, W.G.; Marshall, S.W.; Batterham, A.M.; Hanin, J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc. 2009, 41, 3–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sharpe, D. Chi-square test is statistically significant: Now what? Pract. Assess. Res. Eval. 2015, 20, 8. [Google Scholar]
- McHugh, M.L. The chi-square test of independence. Biochem. Med. 2013, 23, 143–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wu, Y.T.; Luben, R.; Wareham, N.; Griffin, S.; Jones, A.P. Weather, day length and physical activity in older adults: Cross-sectional results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Norfolk Cohort. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0177767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jefferis, B.J.; Sartini, C.; Lee, I.M.; Choi, M.; Amuzu, A.; Gutierrez, C.; Casas, J.P.; Ash, S.; Lennnon, L.T.; Wannamethee, S.G.; et al. Adherence to physical activity guidelines in older adults, using objectively measured physical activity in a population-based study. BMC Public Health 2014, 14, 382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suzuki, Y.; Maeda, N.; Hirado, D.; Shirakawa, T.; Urabe, Y. Physical Activity Changes and Its Risk Factors among Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Adults during the COVID-19 Epidemic: Associations with Subjective Well-Being and Health-Related Quality of Life. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sales, M.; Levinger, P.; Polman, R. Relationships between self perceptions and physical activity behaviour, fear of falling, and physical function among older adults. Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act. 2017, 14, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sayers, S.P.; Jette, A.M.; Haley, S.M.; Heeren, T.C.; Guralnik, J.M.; Fielding, R.A. Validation of the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2004, 52, 1554–1559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cress, M.E.; Schechtman, K.B.; Mulrow, C.D.; Fiatarone, M.A.; Gerety, M.B.; Buchner, D.M. Relationship between physical performance and self-perceived physical function. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1995, 43, 93–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taylor, A.H.; Cable, N.T.; Faulkner, G.; Hillsdon, M.; Narici, M.; Van Der Bij, A.K. Physical activity and older adults: A review of health benefits and the effectiveness of interventions. J. Sport. Sci. 2004, 22, 703–725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prochaska, J.O.; Velicer, W.F. The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. Am. J. Health Promot. 1997, 12, 38–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dacey, M.; Baltzell, A.; Zaichkowsky, L. Older adults’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivation toward physical activity. Am. J. Health Behav. 2008, 32, 570–582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zubala, A.; MacGillivray, S.; Frost, H.; Kroll, T.; Skelton, D.A.; Gavine, A.; Gray, N.M.; Toma, M.; Morris, J. Promotion of physical activity interventions for community dwelling older adults: A systematic review of reviews. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0180902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lachman, M.E.; Lipsitz, L.; Lubben, J.; Castaneda-Sceppa, C.; Jette, A.M. When Adults Don’t Exercise: Behavioral Strategies to Increase Physical Activity in Sedentary Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Innov. Aging 2018, 2, igy007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Feil, K.; Allion, S.; Weyland, S.; Jekauc, D. A Systematic Review Examining the Relationship between Habit and Physical Activity Behavior in Longitudinal Studies. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 626750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rebar, A.L.; Dimmock, J.A.; Jackson, B.; Rhodes, R.E.; Kates, A.; Starling, J.; Vandelanotte, C. A systematic review of the effects of non-conscious regulatory processes in physical activity. Health Psychol. Rev. 2016, 10, 395–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.; Willoughby, J.F. Do Fitness Apps Need Text Reminders? An Experiment Testing Goal-Setting Text Message Reminders to Promote Self-Monitoring. J. Health Commun. 2018, 23, 379–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alberga, A.S.; Medd, E.R.; Adamo, K.B.; Goldfield, G.S.; Prud’homme, D.; Kenny, G.P.; Sigal, R.J. Top 10 practical lessons learned from physical activity interventions in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2013, 38, 249–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bethancourt, H.J.; Rosenberg, D.E.; Beatty, T.; Arterburn, D.E. Barriers to and facilitators of physical activity program use among older adults. Clin. Med. Res. 2014, 12, 10–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Franco, M.R.; Tong, A.; Howard, K.; Sherrington, C.; Ferreira, P.H.; Pinto, R.Z.; Ferreira, M.L. Older people’s perspectives on participation in physical activity: A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative literature. Br. J. Sport. Med. 2015, 49, 1268–1276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Horne, M.; Skelton, D.A.; Speed, S.; Todd, C. Perceived barriers to initiating and maintaining physical activity among South Asian and White British adults in their 60 s living in the United Kingdom: A qualitative study. Ethn. Health 2013, 18, 626–645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richardson, D.L.; Tallis, J.; Duncan, M.J.; Clarke, N.D.; Myers, T.D. The influence of COVID-19 measures in the United Kingdom on physical activity levels, perceived physical function and mood in older adults: A survey-based observational study. J. Sport. Sci. 2021, 39, 887–899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Michie, S.; Richardson, M.; Johnston, M.; Abraham, C.; Francis, J.; Hardeman, W.; Eccles, M.P.; Cane, J.; Wood, C.E. The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: Building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Ann. Behav. Med. 2013, 46, 81–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Source of Behaviour | What Needs to Change | Proposed Intervention Functions | Proposed BCT Taxonomy | BCT |
---|---|---|---|---|
Physical Capability | Physical skills–strength and Stamina | Training (strength and stamina) | Comparison of behaviour Shaping knowledge Feedback and Monitoring | Demonstration of behaviour: Provide observable sample directly/indirectly Instruction on how to perform the behaviour: Advise on how to perform strength and stamina training Feedback on Behaviour: Monitor and provide informative or evaluative feedback on behaviour, e.g., form, F.I.T. (Frequency, Intesity and Time of PA) Feedback on outcomes of behaviour: Monitor and provide feedback on outcome of performance of behaviour, e.g., strength and stamina changes |
Reflective Motivation | Beliefs about consequences–Believe it would be a good thing to do Goals–Develop better plans for doing it | Education Persuasion Enablement | Natural consequences Comparison of outcomes Goals and Planning Associations Feedback and Monitoring | Information about health consequences: Provide information about health consequences of performing behaviour Credible source: Present verbal or visual communication from a credible source Problem solving: Analyse factors influences on behaviour and generate and select strategies to overcome Action planning: Prompt detailed planning of performance Prompts and Ques: Introduce or define environmental or social stimulus with the purpose of prompting or cueing behaviour. Self-monitoring of behaviour: Establish a method for the person to monitor and record their behaviour(s) |
Automatic Reflection | Reinforcement–Develop a habit for doing it Emotion–Feel pleasure and satisfaction | Training Environment Restructuring Persuasion | Repetition and substitution Natural consequences Shaping knowledge | Habit formation: Prompt rehearsal and repetition of the behaviour in the same context Habit reversal: Replace unwanted habit with alternative behaviour Monitoring of emotional consequences: Prompt assessment of feelings after attempts at performing the behaviour |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Tallis, J.; Richardson, D.L.; Eyre, E.L.J. The Influence of Easing COVID-19 Restrictions on the Physical Activity Intentions and Perceived Barriers to Physical Activity in UK Older Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12521. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912521
Tallis J, Richardson DL, Eyre ELJ. The Influence of Easing COVID-19 Restrictions on the Physical Activity Intentions and Perceived Barriers to Physical Activity in UK Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12521. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912521
Chicago/Turabian StyleTallis, Jason, Darren L. Richardson, and Emma L. J. Eyre. 2022. "The Influence of Easing COVID-19 Restrictions on the Physical Activity Intentions and Perceived Barriers to Physical Activity in UK Older Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12521. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912521