Comparison of Glycemic Response to Carbohydrate Meals without or with a Plant-Based Formula of Kidney Bean Extract, White Mulberry Leaf Extract, and Green Coffee Extract in Individuals with Abdominal Obesity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
- -
- after consuming instant noodle soup in an amount that provided 50 g of digestible carbohydrates (75.5 g + 400 mL of water), with 150 mL before meal
- -
- after consuming white long-grain rice in an amount that provided 50 g of digestible carbohydrates (65.3 g +124 g water), with 150 mL before meal
- -
- after consuming strawberry sorbet in an amount that provided 50 g of digestible carbohydrates (203 g), with 150 mL of water before meal
- -
- after consuming instant noodle soup in an amount that provided 50 g of digestible carbohydrates (75.5 g + 400 mL of water), with prior intake of a plant-based formula (1 sachet = 4.5 g ± 5%) dissolved in 150 mL of water.
- -
- after consuming white long-grain rice in an amount that provided 50 g of digestible carbohydrates (65.3 g + 124 g water), with prior intake of a plant-based formula (1 sachet = 4.5 g ± 5%) dissolved in 150 mL of water.
- -
- after consuming strawberry sorbet in an amount that provided 50 g of digestible carbohydrates (203 g), with prior intake of a plant-based formula (1 sachet = 4.5 g ± 5%) dissolved in 150 mL of water.
2.2. Tested Plant-Based Formula
2.3. Tested Meals
2.4. Study Participants
2.5. Methodology for Determining Blood Glucose Level
2.6. Calculating the GI
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Glycemic Response Parameter
3.3. Glycemic Index Values
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tested Carbohydrate Meals | Quantity of Product (g) | Energy (kcal) | Protein (g) | Fat (g) | Dietary Fiber (g) | Carbohydrate (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Instant soup with noodles (before adding the water) | 75.5 | 328 | 7.9 | 9.5 | 2.1 | 2 |
White rice (before cooking) | 65.3 | 224 | 4.4 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.1 |
Strawberry sorbet | 203 | 214 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 43.7 |
Indicators | Mean * ± SD | Min-Max | Median |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 38.0 ± 9.9 | 20–55 | 42.0 |
Body weight (kg) | 78.9 ± 8.1 | 67.5–95.5 | 79.7 |
Body height (m) | 1.62 ± 0.1 | 1.51–1.74 | 1.62 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.0 ± 3.4 | 25.2–37.9 | 29.3 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 100.8 ± 7.6 | 90–114 | 100.0 |
Results | Capillary Blood Glucose Concentration after Consumption of Product without Plant-Based Supplement Intake (mg/dL) | Capillary Blood Glucose Concentration after Consumption of Product with Plant-Based Supplement Intake (mg/dL) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fasting | after 15 min | after 30 min | after 45 min | after 60 min | after 90 min | after 120 min | Fasting | after 15 min | after 30 min | after 45 min | after 60 min | after 90 min | after 120 min | |
Product: | Instant noodle soup | Instant noodle soup + supplement | ||||||||||||
Mean | 95.4 a(1) | 124.4 c | 132.5 e | 124.0 cd | 118.0 b | 118.6 bc | 115.5 b | 96.1 a(1) | 113.8 bc | 125.8 d | 124.3 d | 118.5 c | 113.6 bc | 110.6 b |
SD | 7.6 | 13.6 | 13.5 | 18.5 | 20.9 | 18.2 | 15.0 | 6.4 | 8.8 | 12.9 | 17.6 | 20.2 | 16.0 | 6.4 |
standardized skewness | 0.56 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 1.09 | 1.27 | 1.30 | 0.14 | −0.33 | 0.12 | 0.29 | 1.12 | 1.11 | 0.14 |
standardized kurtosis | −0.51 | 0.33 | −0.55 | −0.82 | 0.54 | 1.11 | 1.96 | −1.08 | 0.30 | −0.36 | −0.37 | 1.74 | 1.75 | −1.08 |
Median | 95.5 | 123.0 | 133.0 | 116.0 | 108.0 | 110.0 | 110.5 | 96.0 | 114.0 | 128.0 | 122.0 | 116.0 | 112.5 | 96.0 |
Product: | White rice | White rice + supplement | ||||||||||||
Mean | 94.6 a(1) | 120.5 cd | 129.9 e | 123.2 e | 118.3 d | 114.3 c | 109.5 b | 96.1 a(1) | 115.2 cd | 125.2 e | 123.0 de | 118.2 cd | 111.0 c | 106.1 b |
SD | 7.1 | 12.9 | 16.1 | 15.4 | 16.3 | 13.3 | 12.0 | 6.6 | 11.1 | 13.3 | 17.3 | 17.2 | 16.4 | 12.5 |
standardized skewness | 1.42 | −0.38 | 0.08 | 0.29 | 0.55 | 0.33 | 0.57 | 0.84 | 0.58 | 0.49 | 0.29 | 0.46 | 0.73 | 0.72 |
standardized kurtosis | 4.79 | −0.64 | −0.93 | −1.32 | −0.75 | −0.39 | 0.29 | 1.60 | −0.11 | −0.13 | −0.61 | −0.77 | −0.31 | 0.01 |
Median | 94.0 | 122.5 | 130.5 | 119.0 | 113.0 | 114.0 | 108.0 | 94.5 | 115.0 | 125.0 | 123.0 | 114.0 | 106.5 | 103.0 |
Product: | Strawberry sorbet | Strawberry sorbet + supplement | ||||||||||||
Mean | 98.6 | 148.2 | 151.0 | 131.5 | 111.2 | 90.1 | 81.8 | 94.7 | 139.8 | 144.5 | 131.5 | 116.0 | 96.1 | 87.2 |
SD | 11.4 | 23.0 | 21.9 | 25.1 | 21.8 | 13.5 | 7.7 | 8.4 | 23.7 | 20.6 | 24.3 | 25.8 | 15.6 | 7.0 |
standardized skewness | 1.24 | 0.32 | 0.96 | 1.07 | 1.44 | 1.39 | −0.03 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.72 | 1.03 | 1.31 | 0.77 | 0.41 |
standardized kurtosis | 1.01 | 0.25 | 1.90 | 2.05 | 3.17 | 1.92 | −0.60 | −0.85 | −0.68 | 1.05 | 1.53 | 1.21 | −0.05 | −0.41 |
Median | 96.0 b(2) | 143.5 e | 149.5 e | 130.5 de | 110.5 bc | 87.0 ab | 80.5 a | 93.5 ab | 138.5 cd | 141.0 d | 127.0 cd | 108.5 bc | 95.0 ab | 86.0 a |
iAUC after Glucose Intake (mg/dL/min) | iAUC after Noodle Soup Consumption (mg/dL/min) | iAUC after Noodle Soup Consumption + Plant-Based Formula (mg/dL/min) | |
Mean | 4641.55 C(1) | 2929.98 B | 2382.71 A |
SD | 1873.15 | 1136.61 | 1178.14 |
standardized skewness | 0.89 | 1.10 | 0.72 |
standardized kurtosis | −0.25 | 0.84 | −0.13 |
Median | 3920.83 | 2703.75 | 2175.00 |
iAUC after glucose intake (mg/dL/min) | iAUC after white rice consumption (mg/dL/min) | iAUC after white rice consumption + plant-based formula (mg/dL/min) | |
Mean | 4641.55 B(1) | 2697.56 A | 2235.78 A |
SD | 1873.15 | 1065.61 | 1052.39 |
standardized skewness | 0.89 | −0.25 | 0.45 |
standardized kurtosis | −0.25 | −0.37 | −1.04 |
Median | 3920.83 | 2722.50 | 2055.00 |
iAUC after glucose intake (mg/dL/min) | iAUC after strawberry sorbet consumption (mg/dL/min) | iAUC after strawberry sorbet consumption + plant-based formula (mg/dL/min) | |
Mean | 4641.55 | 2346.77 | 2616.53 |
SD | 1873.15 | 1110.12 | 1273.53 |
standardized skewness | 0.89 | 1.91 | 1.02 |
standardized kurtosis | −0.25 | 5.95 | 0.64 |
Median | 3920.83 B(2) | 2177.60 A | 2457.90 A |
IG of Noodle Soup | IG Noodle Soup + Supplement | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean | 68.34 | 52.84 | NI |
SD | 28.98 | 20.66 | |
standardized skewness | 0.56 | 0.40 | |
standardized kurtosis | 4.58 | −0.85 | |
Median | 64.06 B(1) | 51.89 A | 0.0049 |
GI of white rice | GI of white rice + supplement | ||
Mean | 64.03 B(2) | 50.81 A | 0.0189 |
SD | 30.18 | 24.73 | |
standardized skewness | 0.51 | 1.54 | |
standardized kurtosis | 0.48 | 2.32 | |
Median | 62.13 | 43.67 | NI |
GI strawberry sorbet | GI strawberry sorbet + supplement | ||
Mean | 53.36 | 60.48 | NI |
SD | 20.52 | 31.88 | |
standardized skewness | 0.56 | 2.14 | |
standardized kurtosis | 0.34 | 6.89 | |
Median | 55.45 A(1) | 55.48 A | 0.3229 |
The Impact of Supplement on iAUC—Noodle Soup (% of Changes) | The Impact of Supplement on iAUC—White Rice (% of Changes) | The Impact of Supplement on iAUC—Strawberry Sorbet (% of Changes) | |
---|---|---|---|
n | 23 | 23 | 23 |
Mean | −17.06 (2) | −5.28 (2) | 18.84 (2) |
SD | 32.34 | 59.41 | 47.07 |
standardized skewness | 0.02 | −0.79 | −1.06 |
standardized kurtosis | 0.67 | −0.11 | 0.81 |
Median | −25.22 | −22.66 | 4.87 |
p value | 0.0053 | 0.02915 | 0.20001 |
The impact of supplement on GI—noodle soup (% of changes) | The impact of supplement on GI—white rice (% of changes) | The impact of supplement on GI—strawberry sorbet (% of changes) | |
n | 23 | 23 | 23 |
Mean | −40.65 (2) | −5.28 (2) | 5.37 (2) |
SD | 60.80 | 59.41 | 42.45 |
standardized skewness | 1.21 | 0.27 | −1.25 |
standardized kurtosis | 0.63 | −0.72 | 0.78 |
Median | −33.73 | −22.66 | −8.02 |
p value | 0.0039 | 0.0189 | 0.1825 |
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Lange, E.; Kęszycka, P.K.; Pałkowska-Goździk, E.; Billing-Marczak, K. Comparison of Glycemic Response to Carbohydrate Meals without or with a Plant-Based Formula of Kidney Bean Extract, White Mulberry Leaf Extract, and Green Coffee Extract in Individuals with Abdominal Obesity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912117
Lange E, Kęszycka PK, Pałkowska-Goździk E, Billing-Marczak K. Comparison of Glycemic Response to Carbohydrate Meals without or with a Plant-Based Formula of Kidney Bean Extract, White Mulberry Leaf Extract, and Green Coffee Extract in Individuals with Abdominal Obesity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912117
Chicago/Turabian StyleLange, Ewa, Paulina Katarzyna Kęszycka, Ewelina Pałkowska-Goździk, and Katarzyna Billing-Marczak. 2022. "Comparison of Glycemic Response to Carbohydrate Meals without or with a Plant-Based Formula of Kidney Bean Extract, White Mulberry Leaf Extract, and Green Coffee Extract in Individuals with Abdominal Obesity" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912117