Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Hassawi Brown Rice: Fate during Cooking and Associated Health Risks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Hassawi Rice Procurement
2.3. Toxic Metals Determination
2.4. Fate of Toxic Metals during Rice Cooking
2.5. Dietary Intake Assessment
2.6. Health Risk Index
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Screening of Toxic Elements from Rice
3.2. Effect of Cooking on Heavy Metals in Rice
3.3. Estimated Daily Intakes of Metals from Hassawi Brown Rice
3.4. Health Risk Index of Metals from Rice Intake
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Heavy Metals | Farm 1 | Farm 2 | Al-Hofuf Market | * MAL |
---|---|---|---|---|
As | 0.43 ± 0.02 ab | 0.48 ± 0.03 a | 0.40 ± 0.019 b | 0.2 [31] |
Cd | 0.30 ± 0.03 b | 0.37 ± 0.02 a | 0.37 ± 0.031 a | 0.4 [31] |
Pb | 1.36 ± 0.02 a | 1.35 ± 0.02 a | 0.98 ± 0.013 b | 0.3 [31] |
Cr | 0.30 ± 0.01 b | 0.39 ± 0.01 a | 0.38 ± 0.015 a | 1.0 [33] |
Sb | 0.09 ± 0.01 c | 0.26 ± 0.02 a | 0.20 ± 0.024 b | - |
Ni | 0.99 ± 0.02 c | 1.39 ± 0.03 a | 1.20 ± 0.049 b | - |
Source | DF | As | Cd | Pb | Cr | Sb | Ni |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | 5 | 0.037 ** | 0.001 NS | 0.107 ** | 0.001 * | 0.003 ** | 0.009 ** |
Error | 12 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Treatments | As | Cd | Pb | Cr | Sb | Ni |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | 77.11 | 60.59 | 218.86 | 62.53 | 41.63 | 224.53 |
T1 | 76.95 | 60.26 | 218.05 | 62.37 | 41.31 | 224.37 |
T2 | 74.36 | 60.59 | 211.25 | 59.62 | 39.04 | 213.19 |
T3 | 73.06 | 59.62 | 209.30 | 59.94 | 38.39 | 212.06 |
T4 | 49.73 | 58.16 | 165.08 | 57.83 | 30.29 | 209.30 |
T5 | 34.18 | 52.81 | 147.74 | 57.02 | 29.32 | 201.76 |
* PMTDI | 30 [34] | 70 [35] | 250 [36] | 7000 [37] | 360 [38] | - |
Treatments | As | Cd | Pb | Cr | Sb | Ni |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T0 | 3.62 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.16 |
T1 | 3.61 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.16 |
T2 | 3.49 | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.15 |
T3 | 3.43 | 0.84 | 0.82 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.15 |
T4 | 2.34 | 0.82 | 0.65 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.15 |
T5 | 1.61 | 0.74 | 0.58 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.14 |
* Oral Ref. Dose [31] | 0.0003 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 1.50 | 0.004 | 0.02 |
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AlMulla, A.A.; Dahlawi, S.; Randhawa, M.A.; Zaman, Q.u.; Chen, Y.; Faraj, T.K. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Hassawi Brown Rice: Fate during Cooking and Associated Health Risks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12125. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912125
AlMulla AA, Dahlawi S, Randhawa MA, Zaman Qu, Chen Y, Faraj TK. Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Hassawi Brown Rice: Fate during Cooking and Associated Health Risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12125. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912125
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlMulla, Abdulaziz Abdulrahman, Saad Dahlawi, Muhammad Atif Randhawa, Qamar uz Zaman, Yinglong Chen, and Turki Kh. Faraj. 2022. "Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Hassawi Brown Rice: Fate during Cooking and Associated Health Risks" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12125. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912125