Determination of Carbonyl Compounds in Different Work Environments: Comparison between LC-UV/DAD and LC–MS/MS Detection Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemical and Materials
2.2. Instrumentation
2.3. Sampling Sites and Strategy
2.4. Sample Analysis
2.5. Optimization of the Analytical Determinations
- (1)
- Lowest Level (LL): Concentration level representing an agreement between the LOQs of the detected analytes;
- (2)
- Medium Level (ML): Concentration level corresponding to the highest LOQ of the detected analytes;
- (3)
- Highest Level (HL): Concentration corresponding to 10 times the LL.
2.6. Statistical Elaboration
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Optimization of the Chromatographic Separation
3.2. Optimization of the Spectrometric Determination and Data Quality
3.3. Optimization of the Spectroscopic Determination and Data Quality
3.4. Comparison between LC-MS/MS and LC-UV/DAD
3.5. Real Samples
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sampling Date | Sampling SITE | Sampling Type | Main Task/Activity | Sampling Time (min) | Volume (m3) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PL1-lab | 28 January 2021 | Pathology Laboratory | Laboratory Environment | Preparation of anatomical specimens in formalin | 264 | 0.037 |
PL2-out | Environmental—External window ledge | Urban environment | 266 | 0.037 | ||
PL3-tech | Staff—Laboratory Technician | Preparation of anatomical specimens in formalin | 261 | 0.037 | ||
PL4-tech | Staff—Laboratory Technician | Preparation of anatomical specimens in formalin | 262 | 0.037 | ||
PL5-doc | Staff—Ward doctor | Preparation of anatomical specimens in formalin | 202 | 0.028 | ||
PL6-solv | Environmental—Solvent storage | Storage of formalin tanks | 273 | 0.038 | ||
GA1-nurs | 2 February 2021 | Gastroenteroloy Ambulatory | Staff—Nurse | Clinical examinations—gastroscopy and colonoscopy | 149 | 0.021 |
GA2-nurs | Staff—Nurse | Clinical examinations—gastroscopy and colonoscopy | 146 | 0.020 | ||
GA3-doc | Staff—Ward doctor | Clinical examinations—gastroscopy and colonoscopy | 125 | 0.018 | ||
GA4-lab | Laboratory Environment | Clinical examinations—gastroscopy and colonoscopy | 159 | 0.022 | ||
GA5-out | Environmental—External window ledge | Urban environment | 140 | 0.020 | ||
CS1-desk | 30 April 2021 | Copy Shop | Staff—desk | Cashier | 300 | 0.042 |
CS2-glue | Staff—Gluing machine | Gluing of backs of books | 300 | 0.042 | ||
CS3-photo | Staff—Photocopier | Use of laser photocopier | 300 | 0.042 | ||
BS1-hair | 31 April 2021 | Beauty Salon | Staff—Hairdresser | Hairstyling, hair dye | 351 | 0.049 |
BS2-nail | Staff—Nail Technician | Gel nails extension | 352 | 0.049 | ||
BS3-sol | Environmental—Solarium | Tanning bed | 347 | 0.049 | ||
BS4-rec | Staff—Receptionist | Secretarial work | 343 | 0.048 | ||
BS5-bea | Staff—Beautician | Waxing, manicure, pedicure | 334 | 0.047 | ||
BS6-out | Environmental—External window ledge | Urban environment | 335 | 0.047 | ||
PH1-out | 3 May 2021 | Pharmacy | Environmental—External window ledge | Urban environment | 375 | 0.053 |
PH2-ware | Environmental—Warehouse | Storage of pharmaceutical products | 315 | 0.044 | ||
PH3-store | Staff—Storeman | Storage of pharmaceutical products | 313 | 0.044 | ||
PH4-dercon | Staff—Dermocosmetic consultant | Employed to the sale | 314 | 0.044 | ||
PH5-phar | Staff—Pharmacist | Employed to the sale | 321 | 0.045 | ||
PH6-der | Environmental—Dermocosmetic | Presence of wooden shelves | 314 | 0.044 | ||
HL1-lab | 22 September2021 | Histology Laboratory | Laboratory Environment | Preparation of anatomical specimens in formalin | 406 | 0.057 |
HL2-tech | Staff—Laboratory Technician | Preparation of anatomical specimens in formalin | 406 | 0.057 | ||
HL3-tech | Staff—Laboratory Technician | Preparation of anatomical specimens in formalin | 397 | 0.056 | ||
HL4-sec | Staff—Secretary | Acceptance of histological samples | 394 | 0.055 | ||
HL5-tech | Staff—Laboratory Technician | Preparation of anatomical specimens in formalin | 391 | 0.055 | ||
HL6-out | Environmental—External window ledge | Urban environment | 393 | 0.055 | ||
HRL1-tech | 5 April 2022 | Histology Research Laboratory | Staff—Laboratory and Enclosure Technician | Preparation of animal anatomical specimens in formalin and management of the enclosure | 154 | 0.022 |
HRL2-lab | Laboratory Environment | Preparation of animal anatomical specimens in formalin | 155 | 0.022 | ||
HRL3-out | Environmental—External window ledge | Urban environment | 155 | 0.022 | ||
HRL4-bio | Staff—Biologist Head of the Enclosure | Histological sampling of animal parts and management of the enclosure | 81 | 0.011 | ||
HRL5-lab | Laboratory environment—Enclosure | Histological sampling of animal parts | 51 | 0.007 | ||
HpL1-out | 6 April 2022 | Histopathology Laboratory | Environmental—External window ledge | Urban environment | 244 | 0.034 |
HpL2-tech | Staff—Laboratory Technician | Preparation of anatomical specimens in formalin | 311 | 0.044 | ||
HpL3-lab | Laboratory Environment | Preparation of anatomical specimens in formalin | 306 | 0.043 | ||
HpL4-lab | Laboratory Environment | Storage of anatomical specimens in formalin | 302 | 0.042 | ||
HpL5-doc | Staff—Ward doctor | Preparation of anatomical specimens in formalin | 163 | 0.023 | ||
HpL6-doc | Staff—Ward doctor | Preparation of anatomical specimens in formalin | 251 | 0.035 | ||
CL1-lab | 12 April 2022 | Chemical Laboratory | Laboratory Environment | Environmental Samples Preparation and Storage | 273 | 0.038 |
CL2-lab | Laboratory Environment | Environmental Samples Preparation and Analysis | 270 | 0.038 | ||
CL3-lab | Laboratory Environment | Quantitative analytical chemistry | 271 | 0.038 | ||
CL4-off | Office | Data elaboration | 271 | 0.038 | ||
CL5-out | Environmental—External window ledge | Urban environment | 270 | 0.038 | ||
ParL1-lab | 13 April 2022 | Parasitology Laboratory | Laboratory environment | Sample preparation and analysis | 222 | 0.031 |
ParL2-lab | Laboratory environment | Sample preparation and analysis | 221 | 0.031 | ||
ParL3-corr | Corridor Outside the Parasitology Laboratory | - | 222 | 0.031 | ||
ParL4-lab | Laboratory Environment | Sample preparation and analysis | 220 | 0.031 |
Retention Times (min) | Molecular Mass | Precursor Ion | Product Ion | Collision Energy (eV) | Collision Cell Exit Potential (V) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fo-DNPH | 5.83 | 210 | 209 | Q | 151 | −11 | −15 |
q | 163 | −11 | −15 | ||||
Ace-DNPH | 8.05 | 224 | 223 | Q | 151 | −12 | −6 |
q | 163 | −12 | −10 | ||||
Pro-DNPH | 9.68 | 238 | 237 | Q | 163 | −15 | −15 |
q | 151 | −15 | −15 | ||||
Cro-DNPH | 10.36 | 250 | 249 | Q | 172 | −16 | −15 |
q | 151 | −16 | −15 | ||||
Bu-DNPH | 10.65 | 252 | 251 | Q | 163 | −15 | −15 |
q | 151 | −15 | −15 | ||||
Cy-DNPH | 11.29 | 278 | 277 | Q | 247 | −15 | −15 |
q | 231 | −24 | −15 | ||||
Val-DNPH | 11.40 | 266 | 265 | Q | 163 | −15 | −15 |
q | 152 | −25 | −15 | ||||
Hex-DNPH | 12.06 | 280 | 279 | Q | 152 | −25 | −15 |
q | 163 | −15 | −15 | ||||
Hep-DNPH | 12.73 | 294 | 293 | Q | 163 | −15 | −15 |
q | 152 | −25 | −15 | ||||
Oct-DNPH | 13.53 | 308 | 307 | Q | 163 | −19 | −15 |
q | 205 | −19 | −15 | ||||
Non-DNPH | 14.53 | 322 | 321 | Q | 163 | −20 | −15 |
q | 205 | −20 | −15 | ||||
Dec-DNPH | 15.85 | 336 | 335 | Q | 163 | −19 | −15 |
q | 171 | −19 | −15 |
Linearity | Intra-Day Repeatability (n = 10) | Inter-Day Repeatability (n = 7) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LOD | LOQ | R2 | LL | ML | HL | LL | ML | HL | |
Fo-DNPH | 0.39 | 0.78 | 0.998 | 7.8 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 14 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
Ace-DNPH | 0.39 | 0.78 | 0.999 | 6.8 | 2.9 | 1.2 | 10 | 6.3 | 7.7 |
Pro-DNPH | 0.049 | 0.20 | 0.998 | 3.0 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 11 | 6.6 | 8.5 |
Cro-DNPH | 0.049 | 0.20 | 0.998 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 1.4 | 8.8 | 7.3 | 9.4 |
Bu-DNPH | 0.098 | 0.39 | 0.998 | 5.8 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 11 | 7.1 | 9.3 |
Cy-DNPH | 0.012 | 0.024 | 0.997 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 15 | 12 | 13 |
Val-DNPH | 0.024 | 0.098 | 0.998 | 4.6 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 11 | 9.2 | 11 |
Hex-DNPH | 0.012 | 0.049 | 0.997 | 3.5 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 11 | 10 | 13 |
Hep-DNPH | 0.012 | 0.098 | 0.997 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 13 | 14 | 16 |
Oct-DNPH | 0.098 | 0.39 | 0.997 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 12 | 13 | 15 |
Non-DNPH | 0.024 | 0.098 | 0.996 | 5.4 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 12 | 14 | 15 |
Dec-DNPH | 0.049 | 0.20 | 0.997 | 3.7 | 1.5 | 2.6 | 8.6 | 9.8 | 11 |
Linearity | Intra-Day Repeatability (n = 10) | Inter-Day Repeatability (n = 7) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LOD | LOQ | R2 | LL | ML | HL | LL | ML | HL | |
Fo-DNPH | 16 | 62 | 0.999 | 10 | 4.9 | 1.6 | 9.3 | 11 | 9.5 |
Ace-DNPH | 12 | 62 | 0.999 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 1.8 | 6.5 | 8.3 | 8.8 |
Pro-DNPH | 8 | 31 | 0.999 | 5.8 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 5.6 | 7.6 | 9.3 |
Cro-DNPH | 8 | 31 | 0.999 | 7.8 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 6.1 | 7.8 | 8.8 |
Bu-DNPH | 8 | 31 | 0.999 | 3.8 | 1.3 | 0.80 | 5.6 | 7.2 | 9.2 |
Cy-DNPH | 8 | 25 | 0.999 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 0.85 | 5.2 | 7.6 | 9.4 |
Val-DNPH | 8 | 25 | 0.999 | 4.4 | 1.9 | 0.74 | 5.4 | 7.2 | 9.1 |
Hex-DNPH | 8 | 25 | 0.999 | 5.6 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 5.0 | 6.8 | 9.2 |
Hep-DNPH | 8 | 31 | 0.999 | 7.0 | 3.2 | 1.3 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 8.1 |
Oct-DNPH | 8 | 31 | 0.999 | 6.1 | 3.7 | 1.2 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 9.3 |
Non-DNPH | 12 | 62 | 0.999 | 8.2 | 5.6 | 1.0 | 10 | 7.1 | 9.3 |
Dec-DNPH | 16 | 62 | 0.999 | 9.5 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 11 | 6.7 | 9.0 |
Formaldehyde | Acetaldehyde | Propionaldehyde | |
---|---|---|---|
PL1-lab | 18 | 18 | - |
PL2-out | 21 | 20 | 1.2 |
PL3-tech | 3.9 | 0.5 | - |
PL4-tech | 11 | 4.7 | |
PL5-doc | 2.3 | 1.4 | - |
PL6-solv | 0.5 | 0.6 | - |
GA1-nurs | 12 | 16 | - |
GA2-nurs | 18 | 24 | - |
GA3-doc | 15 | 19 | - |
GA4-lab | 13 | 14 | - |
GA5-out | 7.0 | 22 | - |
CS1-desk | 2.1 | 19 | 24 |
CS2-glue | 3.8 | 16 | 14 |
CS3-photo | 16 | 24 | 28 |
BS1-hair | 14 | 13 | 31 |
BS2-nail | 2.2 | 25 | 35 |
BS3-sol | 12 | 26 | 31 |
BS4-rec | 16 | 30 | 31 |
BS5-bea | 29 | 30 | 31 |
BS6-out | 21 | 11 | 23 |
PH1-out | 11 | 6.0 | 35 |
PH2-ware | 7.8 | 10 | 40 |
PH3-store | 19 | 19 | 42 |
PH4-dercon | 18 | 21 | 48 |
PH5-phar | 23 | 22 | 44 |
PH6-der | 12 | 11 | 47 |
HL1-lab | 25 | 13 | 29 |
HL2-tech | 3.4 | 9.7 | 5.3 |
HL3-tech | 1.0 | 5.0 | 8.5 |
HL4-sec | 4.2 | 16 | 22 |
HL5-tech | 0.7 | 4.2 | 5.0 |
HL6-out | 5.6 | 25 | - |
HRL1-tech | 13 | 2.3 | - |
HRL2-lab | 20 | 6.4 | - |
HRL3-out | 18 | 30 | - |
HRL4-bio | 7.1 | 18 | - |
HRL5-lab | 7.1 | 1.6 | - |
HpL1-out | 25 | 20 | - |
HpL2-tech | 12 | 0.1 | 39 |
HpL3-lab | 5.2 | 0.7 | 9.2 |
HpL4-lab | 2.0 | 4.0 | - |
HpL5-doc | 0.3 | 15 | - |
HpL6-doc | 3.8 | 9.1 | - |
CL1-lab | 1.2 | 0.1 | - |
CL2-lab | 7.3 | 7.7 | - |
CL3-lab | 0.2 | 3.1 | 49 |
CL4-off | 8.1 | 3.7 | 50 |
CL5-out | 12 | 6.3 | 47 |
ParL1-lab | 26 | 0.4 | - |
ParL2-lab | 6.1 | 0.3 | - |
ParL3-corr | 7.3 | 15 | - |
ParL4-lab | 8.3 | 3.2 | - |
Acetaldehyde | Butyraldehyde | Cyclohexanone | Crotonaldehyde | Decanal | Heptanal | Hexanal | Formaldehyde | Nonanal | Octanal | Propionaldehyde | Valeraldehyde | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PL1-lab | 9.5 | 0.46 | 0.01 | <LOQ | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 55 | 0.49 | 0.08 | 0.67 | 0.17 |
PL2-out | 4.7 | 0.57 | 0.08 | <LOQ | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 6.1 | 0.73 | 0.15 | 0.95 | 0.23 |
PL3-tech | 9.4 | 0.89 | 0.01 | <LOQ | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 71 | 0.55 | 0.09 | 0.92 | 0.21 |
PL4-tech | 7.7 | 1.4 | 0.11 | <LOQ | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 66 | 0.62 | 0.12 | 0.99 | 0.71 |
PL5-doc | 8.4 | 0.80 | 0.02 | <LOQ | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 64 | 0.63 | 0.11 | 0.89 | 0.22 |
PL6-solv | 3.5 | 0.76 | 0.05 | <LOQ | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 4.5 | 0.82 | 0.14 | 0.87 | 0.29 |
GA1-nurs | 6.2 | 0.81 | 0.11 | <LOQ | 0.19 | 0.04 | <LOQ | 5.3 | 0.81 | 0.13 | 0.74 | 0.25 |
GA2-nurs | 7.9 | 0.61 | 0.12 | <LOQ | 0.14 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 6.1 | 0.63 | 0.09 | 0.84 | <LOQ |
GA3-doc | 7.9 | 0.68 | 0.26 | 0.02 | 0.70 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 8.8 | 1.7 | 0.43 | 1.1 | 0.03 |
GA4-lab | 4.2 | 0.41 | 0.13 | <LOQ | 0.25 | 0.01 | <LOQ | 5.0 | 0.68 | 0.08 | 0.63 | 0.04 |
GA5-out | 3.7 | 0.38 | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.46 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 5.2 | 1.9 | 0.23 | 0.72 | 0.04 |
CS1-desk | 8.5 | 1.2 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 1.0 | 0.52 | 2.2 | 19 | 2.2 | 0.56 | 1.2 | 0.95 |
CS2-glue | 13 | 0.82 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 1.1 | 0.50 | 2.2 | 22 | 2.2 | 0.57 | 1.2 | 0.71 |
CS3-photo | 14 | 0.98 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.72 | 0.33 | 1.4 | 12 | 1.7 | 0.38 | 1.1 | 0.58 |
BS1-hair | 57 | 1.9 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 1.0 | 0.51 | 6.5 | 25 | 2.4 | 0.01 | 4.0 | 0.64 |
BS2-nail | 52 | 1.7 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 1.7 | 0.88 | 7.8 | 26 | 3.5 | 0.91 | 4.4 | 2.3 |
BS3-sol | 59 | 1.8 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 1.1 | 0.75 | 8.5 | 26 | 3.2 | 0.58 | 4.3 | 2.4 |
BS4-rec | 46 | 1.8 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.79 | 0.57 | 7.4 | 23 | 2.2 | 0.44 | 3.9 | 2.6 |
BS5-bea | 79 | 2.4 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 13 | 29 | 4.5 | 1.0 | 4.7 | 2.9 |
BS6-out | 19 | 1.7 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.62 | 0.67 | 2.8 | 14 | 2.5 | 0.58 | 1.7 | 1.5 |
PH1-out | 2.7 | 0.44 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.39 | 0.12 | 0.32 | 4.5 | 1.1 | 0.20 | 1.8 | 0.19 |
PH2-ware | 8.1 | 1.1 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.70 | 0.34 | 2.0 | 17 | 2.5 | 0.39 | 1.6 | 0.87 |
PH3-store | 8.4 | 1.7 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.73 | 0.31 | 2.2 | 14 | 1.9 | 0.40 | 1.8 | 1.3 |
PH4-dercon | 12 | 1.2 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.65 | 0.42 | 2.7 | 13 | 2.5 | 0.42 | 1.9 | 0.97 |
PH5-phar | 8.7 | 1.6 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.93 | 0.33 | 2.2 | 13 | 2.0 | 0.45 | 1.6 | 1.5 |
PH6-der | 11 | 1.4 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.49 | 0.24 | 1.8 | 15 | 1.5 | 0.29 | 1.8 | 0.96 |
HL1-lab | 4.2 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 13 | 4.7 | 3.2 | 2.1 | 2.6 |
HL2-tech | 4.4 | 0.76 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 1.1 | 0.42 | 0.80 | 29 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 0.60 | 0.37 |
HL3-tech | 3.7 | 0.73 | 0.14 | 0.004 | 2.3 | 0.82 | 1.2 | 77 | 5.4 | 1.8 | 0.64 | 0.51 |
HL4-sec | 2.7 | 0.93 | 0.14 | 0.004 | 1.3 | 0.36 | 0.98 | 18 | 2.5 | 0.74 | 0.61 | 0.53 |
HL5-tech | 3.9 | 1.17 | 0.22 | 0.005 | 4.0 | 0.36 | 1.0 | 42 | 3.9 | 1.6 | 0.69 | 0.72 |
HL6-out | 1.5 | 0.45 | 0.04 | 0.002 | 0.50 | 0.15 | 0.32 | 3.3 | 1.0 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.15 |
HRL1-tech | 8.4 | 3.8 | 0.52 | 0.02 | 0.75 | 0.50 | 1.80 | 5.7 | 3.9 | 0.64 | 2.0 | 2.4 |
HRL2-lab | 3.6 | 1.7 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.68 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 0.63 | 1.5 | 0.54 |
HRL3-out | 4.3 | 2.5 | 0.55 | 0.02 | 0.60 | 0.63 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 0.63 | 1.8 | 2.9 |
HRL4-bio | 13 | 8.1 | 1.3 | 0.02 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 6.5 | 1.1 | 3.1 | 7.0 |
HRL5-lab | 16 | 13 | 1.30 | 0.04 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 4.6 | 10 | 9.9 | 1.6 | 5.0 | 8.0 |
HpL1-out | 3.6 | 2.6 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.61 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 0.30 | 1.8 | 1.3 |
HpL2-tech | 4.7 | 2.0 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.46 | 0.28 | 0.85 | 12 | 1.9 | 0.35 | 1.7 | 1.0 |
HpL3-lab | 6.3 | 3.1 | 0.42 | 0.01 | 0.59 | 0.31 | 0.93 | 16 | 1.9 | 0.34 | 2.3 | 1.5 |
HpL4-lab | 4.7 | 2.1 | 0.40 | 0.01 | 0.78 | 0.32 | 0.76 | 13 | 3.0 | 0.46 | 1.6 | 1.3 |
HpL5-doc | 5.3 | 2.0 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.54 | 0.36 | 0.97 | 7.7 | 3.0 | 0.47 | 1.7 | 1.1 |
HpL6-doc | 5.2 | 3.3 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.41 | 0.32 | 1.5 | 17 | 2.1 | 0.36 | 2.2 | 1.8 |
CL1-lab | 3.8 | <LOQ | <LOQ | 0.45 | 0.07 | 1.2 | 0.18 | 13 | 2.1 | 0.35 | 1.7 | 1.6 |
CL2-lab | 3.9 | 2.2 | 0.34 | 0.01 | 0.69 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 13 | 2.4 | 0.41 | 1.8 | 0.92 |
CL3-lab | 4.2 | 2.5 | 0.43 | 0.02 | 0.75 | 0.26 | 0.56 | 9.6 | 2.4 | 0.38 | 1.9 | 1.2 |
CL4-off | 4.6 | 3.1 | 0.33 | 0.01 | 0.39 | 0.22 | 0.51 | 7.9 | 2.2 | 0.38 | 2.0 | 1.5 |
CL5-out | 3.2 | 3.1 | 0.44 | <LOQ | 0.47 | 0.20 | 0.54 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 0.27 | 1.9 | 1.7 |
ParL1-lab | 4.9 | 2.3 | 0.25 | 0.01 | 0.33 | 0.19 | 0.59 | 5.0 | 1.9 | 0.30 | 1.9 | 1.1 |
ParL2-lab | 5.4 | 2.5 | 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.50 | 5.8 | 1.7 | 0.28 | 2.0 | 1.2 |
ParL3-corr | 5.9 | 1.5 | 0.16 | 0.01 | 0.29 | 0.15 | 0.37 | 5.2 | 1.9 | 0.31 | 1.7 | 0.61 |
ParL4-lab | 5.7 | 2.6 | 0.27 | 0.01 | 0.32 | 0.18 | 0.46 | 5.7 | 1.8 | 0.29 | 2.0 | 1.2 |
PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 | PC5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variance% | 47.4 | 20.9 | 14.5 | 8.5 | 4.5 |
PL1−lab | −2.49 | −0.09 | 1.10 | −0.82 | −1.55 |
PL2−out | −2.22 | −0.29 | −0.39 | 0.65 | 0.12 |
PL3−tech | −2.32 | 0.02 | 1.45 | −1.40 | −2.13 |
PL4−tech | −2.01 | −0.03 | 1.00 | −1.33 | −2.13 |
PL5−doc | −2.31 | −0.04 | 1.25 | −1.22 | −1.83 |
PL6−solv | −2.20 | −0.32 | −0.49 | 0.60 | 0.22 |
GA1−nurs | −2.19 | −0.33 | −0.44 | 0.59 | 0.18 |
GA2−nurs | −2.33 | −0.24 | −0.32 | 0.70 | 0.13 |
GA3−doc | −1.39 | −0.59 | −0.01 | 0.28 | 0.54 |
GA4−lab | −2.37 | −0.48 | −0.34 | 0.64 | 0.27 |
GA5−out | −1.77 | −0.66 | −0.24 | 0.42 | 0.53 |
CS1−desk | −0.37 | −0.32 | 0.56 | −0.07 | 0.34 |
CS2−glue | −0.34 | −0.26 | 0.82 | −0.05 | 0.30 |
CS3−photo | −1.00 | −0.11 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.34 |
BS1−hair | 1.08 | 3.20 | 1.62 | 1.04 | −0.19 |
BS2−nail | 2.92 | 2.81 | 1.99 | 0.43 | 0.49 |
BS3−sol | 2.49 | 3.45 | 1.75 | 0.85 | −0.09 |
BS4−rec | 1.60 | 3.00 | 1.16 | 0.84 | −0.28 |
BS5−bea | 4.42 | 4.60 | 2.88 | 0.80 | 0.46 |
BS6−out | 0.13 | 0.50 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.18 |
PH1−out | −1.74 | −0.19 | −0.33 | 0.74 | 0.31 |
PH2−ware | −0.48 | −0.05 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.13 |
PH3−store | −0.46 | 0.19 | −0.08 | 0.12 | 0.14 |
PH4−dercon | −0.31 | 0.40 | 0.14 | 0.30 | 0.32 |
PH5−phar | −0.29 | 0.07 | −0.05 | 0.05 | 0.32 |
PH6−der | −0.89 | 0.38 | −0.04 | 0.33 | −0.03 |
HL1−lab | 8.91 | −7.13 | 2.20 | 2.94 | −1.04 |
HL2−tech | 0.03 | −1.74 | 1.32 | −1.17 | 0.93 |
HL3−tech | 1.21 | −1.73 | 2.88 | −3.43 | 0.18 |
HL4−sec | −0.68 | −0.96 | 0.47 | −0.58 | 0.83 |
HL5−tech | 1.26 | −1.92 | 2.33 | −2.71 | 2.24 |
HL6−out | −2.12 | −0.73 | −0.22 | 0.46 | 0.64 |
HRL1−tech | 1.15 | 0.02 | −1.32 | −0.27 | 0.20 |
HRL2−lab | −0.41 | −0.47 | −0.67 | −0.29 | 0.89 |
HRL3−out | 0.98 | −0.15 | −1.17 | 0.19 | 0.16 |
HRL4−bio | 5.69 | 0.41 | −2.97 | −1.04 | −0.43 |
HRL5−lab | 8.23 | 1.38 | −4.08 | −2.41 | −0.52 |
HpL1−out | −0.83 | −0.07 | −1.13 | 0.44 | −0.04 |
HpL2−tech | −0.72 | −0.16 | −0.59 | 0.14 | −0.06 |
HpL3−lab | −0.10 | 0.09 | −0.81 | −0.03 | −0.40 |
HpL4−lab | −0.14 | −0.34 | −0.60 | −0.23 | 0.20 |
HpL5−doc | −0.33 | −0.08 | −0.67 | 0.01 | 0.35 |
HpL6−doc | −0.15 | 0.36 | −0.88 | −0.16 | −0.44 |
CL1−lab | −0.22 | −0.98 | 0.18 | 1.41 | −0.87 |
CL2−lab | −0.50 | −0.29 | −0.62 | −0.12 | 0.08 |
CL3−lab | −0.25 | −0.26 | −0.83 | 0.00 | 0.11 |
CL4−off | −0.34 | 0.02 | −1.19 | 0.06 | −0.13 |
CL5−out | −0.36 | −0.08 | −1.42 | 0.17 | −0.06 |
ParL1−lab | −0.78 | 0.05 | −0.99 | 0.36 | 0.03 |
ParL2−lab | −0.78 | 0.08 | −1.05 | 0.35 | −0.09 |
ParL3−corr | −1.20 | −0.05 | −0.67 | 0.41 | 0.23 |
ParL4−lab | −0.72 | 0.10 | −1.08 | 0.33 | −0.08 |
PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | PC4 | PC5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acetaldehyde | 0.17 | 0.48 | 0.34 | 0.21 | 0.00 |
Butyraldehyde | 0.29 | 0.10 | −0.46 | −0.26 | −0.18 |
Cyclohexanone | 0.32 | −0.31 | −0.17 | 0.15 | −0.23 |
Crotonaldehyde | 0.22 | −0.40 | 0.17 | 0.45 | −0.30 |
Decanal | 0.29 | −0.18 | 0.32 | −0.24 | 0.50 |
Heptanal | 0.37 | −0.17 | 0.14 | 0.22 | −0.14 |
Hexanal | 0.27 | 0.41 | 0.27 | 0.17 | 0.08 |
Formaldehyde | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.50 | −0.58 | −0.63 |
Nonanal | 0.37 | 0.03 | −0.14 | −0.34 | 0.23 |
Octanal | 0.32 | −0.29 | 0.21 | −0.17 | 0.24 |
Propionaldehyde | 0.29 | 0.41 | −0.05 | 0.17 | −0.11 |
Valeraldehyde | 0.35 | 0.15 | −0.32 | −0.14 | −0.18 |
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Castellani, F.; Antonucci, A.; Pindinello, I.; Protano, C.; Vitali, M. Determination of Carbonyl Compounds in Different Work Environments: Comparison between LC-UV/DAD and LC–MS/MS Detection Methods. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12052. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912052
Castellani F, Antonucci A, Pindinello I, Protano C, Vitali M. Determination of Carbonyl Compounds in Different Work Environments: Comparison between LC-UV/DAD and LC–MS/MS Detection Methods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12052. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912052
Chicago/Turabian StyleCastellani, Federica, Arianna Antonucci, Ivano Pindinello, Carmela Protano, and Matteo Vitali. 2022. "Determination of Carbonyl Compounds in Different Work Environments: Comparison between LC-UV/DAD and LC–MS/MS Detection Methods" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12052. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912052