Figure 1.
Number of manufacturing accidents and the total occupational accidents according to the Ministry of Labor (MoL) and the Palestinian insurance companies (PICs) reports (2015/2016), where O.A = Occupational Accidents, M.A = Manufacturing Accidents.
Figure 1.
Number of manufacturing accidents and the total occupational accidents according to the Ministry of Labor (MoL) and the Palestinian insurance companies (PICs) reports (2015/2016), where O.A = Occupational Accidents, M.A = Manufacturing Accidents.
Figure 2.
The number of occupational accidents (O.A) according to the Ministry of Labor (MoL) and Palestinian insurance companies (PICs) (2016–2017) reports [
35,
36,
37,
38,
39,
40], and those obtained from the industrial establishments during this research’s survey.
Figure 2.
The number of occupational accidents (O.A) according to the Ministry of Labor (MoL) and Palestinian insurance companies (PICs) (2016–2017) reports [
35,
36,
37,
38,
39,
40], and those obtained from the industrial establishments during this research’s survey.
Figure 3.
The central themes developed based on the conducted interviews.
Figure 3.
The central themes developed based on the conducted interviews.
Figure 4.
The obstacles and influences in the OSH development process.
Figure 4.
The obstacles and influences in the OSH development process.
Figure 5.
Percentages of OSH tools’ existence according to both employees’ and workplace survey analysis.
Figure 5.
Percentages of OSH tools’ existence according to both employees’ and workplace survey analysis.
Figure 6.
The OSH statistics in the industrial sectors between the years 2009 and 2016. Where: O.I = Occupational Injuries, O.A: Occupational Accidents, Occupational Diseases, and O.F: Occupational Fatalities.
Figure 6.
The OSH statistics in the industrial sectors between the years 2009 and 2016. Where: O.I = Occupational Injuries, O.A: Occupational Accidents, Occupational Diseases, and O.F: Occupational Fatalities.
Figure 7.
The occupational diseases’ percentages per industrial sector according to the employees and their employers.
Figure 7.
The occupational diseases’ percentages per industrial sector according to the employees and their employers.
Figure 8.
The percentages of the types of the occupational disease in the industrial sectors for the employees and the employers.
Figure 8.
The percentages of the types of the occupational disease in the industrial sectors for the employees and the employers.
Figure 9.
The percentages of the industrial establishments’ losses due to occupational accidents.
Figure 9.
The percentages of the industrial establishments’ losses due to occupational accidents.
Figure 10.
Percentages of industrial waste disposal methods.
Figure 10.
Percentages of industrial waste disposal methods.
Figure 11.
Occupational accidents in all Palestinian industrial sectors during 2009–2016.
Figure 11.
Occupational accidents in all Palestinian industrial sectors during 2009–2016.
Figure 12.
The Occupational Injury Rate (per 100,000 workers) in Palestinian manufacturing industries compared to those of other international countries. * The Calculated IR of 2016 obtained OSH statistics for the Palestinian industrial establishments.
Figure 12.
The Occupational Injury Rate (per 100,000 workers) in Palestinian manufacturing industries compared to those of other international countries. * The Calculated IR of 2016 obtained OSH statistics for the Palestinian industrial establishments.
Figure 13.
ODIR and IR of the industrial sectors during 2009–2016. Where ODIR = Number of workplace diseases of the total number of employees per 100,000 employed persons, IR = Number of workplace injuries of the total number of employees per 100,000 employed persons.
Figure 13.
ODIR and IR of the industrial sectors during 2009–2016. Where ODIR = Number of workplace diseases of the total number of employees per 100,000 employed persons, IR = Number of workplace injuries of the total number of employees per 100,000 employed persons.
Figure 14.
ASR and AFR Rates of the industrial sectors during 2009–2016. Where ASR = Number of reported human-days lost × 1,000,000/number of human-hours worked, AFR = Number of workplace accidents reported per number of human-hours worked × 1,000,000.
Figure 14.
ASR and AFR Rates of the industrial sectors during 2009–2016. Where ASR = Number of reported human-days lost × 1,000,000/number of human-hours worked, AFR = Number of workplace accidents reported per number of human-hours worked × 1,000,000.
Figure 15.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Incident Rate, based on injuries and illnesses (IR1) rates (per 100 full-time workers) for each targeted industrial sector during 2009–2016.
Figure 15.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Incident Rate, based on injuries and illnesses (IR1) rates (per 100 full-time workers) for each targeted industrial sector during 2009–2016.
Figure 16.
The severity classification of the Palestinian industrial sectors according to the FSI indicator.
Figure 16.
The severity classification of the Palestinian industrial sectors according to the FSI indicator.
Figure 17.
The severity classification of the Palestinian industrial sectors according to the FSI indicator during 2009–2016.
Figure 17.
The severity classification of the Palestinian industrial sectors according to the FSI indicator during 2009–2016.
Figure 18.
The SPF indicators for the Palestinian industrial sector between the years 2009 and 2016, where SPF = Number of working hours/days lost due to each occupational accident, regardless of its severity.
Figure 18.
The SPF indicators for the Palestinian industrial sector between the years 2009 and 2016, where SPF = Number of working hours/days lost due to each occupational accident, regardless of its severity.
Figure 19.
Severity classification of the Palestinian industrial sectors according to SPF and FSI indicators.
Figure 19.
Severity classification of the Palestinian industrial sectors according to SPF and FSI indicators.
Figure 20.
The presentation of case correlation (1) and its hypothesis testing. LWD/h is the loss of working days or hours.
Figure 20.
The presentation of case correlation (1) and its hypothesis testing. LWD/h is the loss of working days or hours.
Figure 21.
The presentation of case correlation (2) and its hypothesis testing.
Figure 21.
The presentation of case correlation (2) and its hypothesis testing.
Figure 22.
The presentation of case correlation (3) and its hypothesis testing.
Figure 22.
The presentation of case correlation (3) and its hypothesis testing.
Figure 23.
The presentation of case correlation (4) and its hypothesis testing.
Figure 23.
The presentation of case correlation (4) and its hypothesis testing.
Figure 24.
The layers and responsibilities in the safety system.
Figure 24.
The layers and responsibilities in the safety system.
Figure 25.
The structure of the proposed OSH syndicates, where: COSHEP = The Palestinian National Center of Occupational Safety, Health, and Environmental Protection, PICs = Palestinian Insurance Companies, ILO = International Labor Organization.
Figure 25.
The structure of the proposed OSH syndicates, where: COSHEP = The Palestinian National Center of Occupational Safety, Health, and Environmental Protection, PICs = Palestinian Insurance Companies, ILO = International Labor Organization.
Figure 26.
OSH outstanding conceptual framework.
Figure 26.
OSH outstanding conceptual framework.
Table 1.
The main Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) statistics between the years 2009 and 2016 according to the Ministry of Labor (MoL).
Table 1.
The main Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) statistics between the years 2009 and 2016 according to the Ministry of Labor (MoL).
| All O.A | M.A | P.D | O.F | O.D | OWD |
---|
2009 | 444 | 270 | 46 | 9 | 1 | 105 |
2010 | 549 | 234 | 54 | 14 | 2 | 107 |
2011 | 399 | 175 | 31 | 13 | 3 | 96 |
2012 | 715 | 268 | 64 | 12 | NA | NA |
2013 | 752 | 269 | 20 | 20 | NA | NA |
2014 | 650 | 278 | 79 | 12 | 1 | 245 |
2015 | 664 | 260 | 35 | 21 | NA | 138 |
2016 | 682 | 233 | 20 | 15 | NA | NA |
2017 | 496 | 227 | 23 | 7 | NA | 320 |
2018 | 561 | 312 | 20 | NA | NA | 290 |
Total | 5224 | 2122 | 368 | 119 | 7 | 862 |
Table 2.
The applied OSH rate formulas and their definitions.
Table 2.
The applied OSH rate formulas and their definitions.
OSH Rate | Symbol | Definition | Reference |
---|
US-OSHA Rates (based on 200,000 h of worker exposure to a hazard) |
Incident Rate | IR1 | Number of occupational injuries and/or illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time employees. | [54] |
IR2 |
Fatal Accident Rate | FAR | Number of fatalities based on 1000 employees working their entire lifetime or 108 working hours over total hours worked by all employees during the period covered | [54] |
Lost Time Case Rate | LTC | Number of lost time cases × 200,000 over the number of employees’ labor hour worked days. | [55] |
Severity Rate | SR | Total number of lost workdays by the total number of recordable incidents. | [57] |
EU-OSHA Rates (based on 100,000 workers exposed to risk employees) |
Fatality Rate | FR | Number of fatalities expected per person per year. | [56] |
Workplace Injury Rate | IR | Number of workplace injuries of the total number of employees per 100,000 employed persons. | [57,58] |
Accident Frequency Rate | AFR | Number of workplace accidents reported per number of human-hours worked × 1,000,000 | [57,58] |
Accident Severity Rate | ASR | Number of reported human-days lost × 1,000,000/number of human-hours worked. | [57,58] |
Occupational Disease Incidents Rate | ODIR | Number of workplace diseases of the total number of employees per 100,000 employed persons. | [57] |
Severity Indicators |
Safety Performance Factor | SPF | Number of working hours/days lost due to each occupational accident, regardless of its severity. | [58] |
Frequency Severity Index | FSI | A combined formula for both AFR and ASR that gives a combined effect of accidents/injuries happened and the corresponding working days lost. | [56] |
Table 3.
The estimated percentages of the availability of the Basic Health and Safety Requirements (BHSR) in the industrial establishments according to the 2018 workplace questionnaire analysis.
Table 3.
The estimated percentages of the availability of the Basic Health and Safety Requirements (BHSR) in the industrial establishments according to the 2018 workplace questionnaire analysis.
BHSR | 2018 |
---|
Workplace | Employees |
---|
Fire extinguishing means | 68.0% | 85.1% |
First aid tools | 97.7% | 94.9% |
Emergency exits | 82.8% | 77.6% |
Awareness and guidance | 73.0% | 83.0% |
Primary medical examinations | 32.4% | 33.5% |
Periodic medical examinations | 31.4% | 25.8% |
Reporting accidents | 85.3% | 90.4% * |
Workers insurance | 95.1% | 92.9% |
Table 4.
Percentage of participating inspectors in the questionnaire from different official entities in charge of OSH inspection in Palestine.
Table 4.
Percentage of participating inspectors in the questionnaire from different official entities in charge of OSH inspection in Palestine.
| Employers | Employees |
---|
Ministry of Labor | 29.5% | 25.1% |
Ministry of Health | 13.0% | 17.7% |
Civil Defense | 46.7% | 30.2% |
Ministry of National Economy | 2.2% | 14.3% |
Ministry of Environment | 1.4% | 12.7% |
Others | 7.2% | 0.0% |
Table 5.
Number of injuries by manufacturing industries as reported by the Ministry of Labor (MoL) and the Palestinian insurance companies (PICs) during the target years.
Table 5.
Number of injuries by manufacturing industries as reported by the Ministry of Labor (MoL) and the Palestinian insurance companies (PICs) during the target years.
| 2009 | 201 0 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 * |
---|
MoL | 270 | 234 | 175 | 268 | 269 | 278 | 259 | 232 | 135 |
PICs | NA | NA | +1900 | +2000 | NA | NA | 3500 | 3000 | NA |
Table 6.
The OSH statistics of each industrial sector between the years 2009 and 2016.
Table 6.
The OSH statistics of each industrial sector between the years 2009 and 2016.
Industrial Sector | Fixed Employees | O. A | O. I | O. F | O. D | LWH (days) | Estimated Losses (US$) |
---|
Leather and Shoes Industries | 2445 | 33 | 31 | 0 | 8 | 555 | 10,045 |
Plastic Industries | 6649 | 1387 | 583 | 1 | 3 | 1664 | 6600 |
Paper and Cartoon Industries | 1989 | 184 | 186 | 0 | 3 | 521 | 49,150 |
Chemical Industries | 1737 | 51 | 46 | 0 | 11 | 194 | 1850 |
Wood and Furniture Industries | 2266 | 138 | 109 | 0 | 0 | 907 | 137,800 |
Food and beverages Industries | 6669 | 376 | 262 | 2 | 26 | 2041 | 50,190 |
Aluminium and Metallurgical Industries | 6273 | 941 | 896 | 1 | 1 | 3002 | 66,020 |
Entire Industrial Sector | 28,028 | 3110 | 2113 | 4 | 52 | 8884 | 321,655 |
Table 7.
Calculated US-OSHA rates for each industrial sector and the entire industrial sector for the period 2009–2016.
Table 7.
Calculated US-OSHA rates for each industrial sector and the entire industrial sector for the period 2009–2016.
Industrial Sector | IR1 | IR2 | FAR | LTC | SR |
---|
Leather and Shoes Industries | 1.5 | 20.3 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 13.2 |
Plastic Industries | 18.8 | 21.1 | 6.4 | 8.0 | 1.2 |
Paper and Cartoon Industries | 8.5 | 24.4 | 0.0 | 8.5 | 2.9 |
Chemical Industries | 3.2 | 9.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 3.3 |
Wood and Furniture Industries | 7.5 | 50.5 | 0.0 | 5.8 | 6.9 |
Food and beverages Industries | 5.3 | 26.1 | 10.4 | 3.7 | 4.7 |
Aluminium andMetallurgical Industries | 13.7 | 42.8 | 6.5 | 13.0 | 3.2 |
Entire Industrial Sector | 10.3 | 28.1 | 5.4 | 7.1 | 2.8 |
Table 8.
Calculated EU-OSHA rates for each industrial sector and the entire industrial sector for 2009–2016.
Table 8.
Calculated EU-OSHA rates for each industrial sector and the entire industrial sector for 2009–2016.
Industrial Sector | IR | FR | AFR | ASR | ODIR |
---|
Leather and Shoes Industries | 1271.9 | 0.0 | 6.1 | 101.5 | 320.9 |
Plastic Industries | 8820.4 | 1.40 × 10−4 | 94.1 | 105.8 | 39.4 |
Paper and Cartoon Industries | 9329.1 | 0.0 | 41.9 | 122.2 | 127.5 |
Chemical Industries | 2646.0 | 0.0 | 13.2 | 44.9 | 572.2 |
Wood and Furniture Industries | 6640.3 | 0.0 | 37.3 | 252.7 | 0.0 |
Food and beverages Industries | 3799.3 | 2.30 × 10−4 | 24.9 | 130.3 | 348.4 |
Aluminium andMetallurgical Industries | 14,418.8 | 1.43 × 10−4 | 68.3 | 214.0 | 14.3 |
Average Entire Industrial Sector | 7656.0 | 1.18 × 10−4 | 50.6 | 140.4 | 169.9 |