Association of Regular Leisure-Time Physical Activity with Happiness among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sample and Data Collection Procedures
2.2. Variables
2.3. LTPA
2.4. Happiness
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | LTPA Status | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Regular LTPA (n = 2641) | Nonregular LTPA (n = 10,046) | ||
Age (y) b | 0.037 * | ||
45–49 | 427 (16.20%) | 1655 (16.50%) | |
50–54 | 480 (18.20%) | 1647 (16.40%) | |
55–59 | 434 (16.40%) | 1721 (17.10%) | |
60–64 | 438 (16.60%) | 1525 (15.20%) | |
≥65 | 862 (32.60%) | 3497 (34.80%) | |
Gender (% men) b | 1407 (53.3%) | 4452 (44.3%) | <0.0001 * |
Height (cm) a | 163.62 ± 7.78 | 161.92 ± 7.95 | <0.0001 * |
Body weight (kg) a | 64.60 ± 11.61 | 62.88 ± 11.63 | <0.0001 * |
BMI (kg/m2) a | 24.04 ± 3.38 | 23.90 ± 3.46 | 0.063 |
Obese Status (%) b | <0.0001 * | ||
Underweight | 53 (2.00%) | 310 (3.10%) | |
Normal weight | 1289 (48.80%) | 4805 (47.80%) | |
Overweight | 770 (29.20%) | 2668 (26.60%) | |
Obese | 407 (15.40%) | 1572 (15.60%) | |
Education (%) b | <0.0001 * | ||
Elementary school and lower | 340 (13.00%) | 1904 (19.10%) | |
Junior or senior high | 1570 (60.00%) | 6100 (61.30%) | |
College and higher | 706 (27.00%) | 1940 (19.50%) | |
Occupation (%) b | <0.0001 * | ||
White collar | 287 (10.90%) | 894 (9.00%) | |
Government servant | 161 (6.10%) | 408 (4.10%) | |
Blue collar | 323 (12.30%) | 1931 (19.40%) | |
Owner/manager | 194 (7.40%) | 630 (6.30%) | |
Specialists | 104 (4.00%) | 353 (3.50%) | |
Student | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (0.00%) | |
Housewife | 433 (16.50%) | 2124 (21.40%) | |
Retired | 917 (34.90%) | 2790 (28.00%) | |
Free lancer | 121 (4.60%) | 445 (4.50%) | |
Jobless | 69 (2.60%) | 328 (3.30%) | |
Other | 15 (0.60%) | 42 (0.40%) | |
Self-reported health status (%) b | <0.0001 * | ||
Excellent or good | 1967 (77.50%) | 6826 (71.90%) | |
Fair | 184 (7.30%) | 902 (9.50%) | |
Very bad or poor | 386 (15.20%) | 1767 (18.60%) |
Variables | LTPA Status | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Regular LTPA | Nonregular LTPA | ||
Men (n = 5557) a | |||
45–49 | 3.78 ± 0.78 | 3.68 ± 0.80 | 0.104 |
50–54 | 3.85 ± 0.55 | 3.67 ± 0.78 | <0.0001 * |
55–59 | 3.82 ± 0.69 | 3.75 ± 0.78 | 0.163 |
60–64 | 3.98 ± 0.59 | 3.83 ± 0.74 | 0.002 * |
≥65 | 3.95 ± 0.65 | 3.86 ± 0.69 | 0.013 * |
Women (n = 6540) a | |||
45–49 | 3.89 ± 0.61 | 3.75 ± 0.73 | 0.002 * |
50–54 | 4.02 ± 0.60 | 3.77 ± 0.73 | <0.0001 * |
55–59 | 3.92 ± 0.67 | 3.81 ± 0.74 | 0.038 * |
60–64 | 3.94 ± 0.63 | 3.85 ± 0.68 | 0.088 |
≥65 | 3.95 ± 0.63 | 3.90 ± 0.69 | 0.232 |
Pooled (n = 12,097) a | |||
45–49 | 3.84 ± 0.69 | 3.72 ± 0.76 | 0.001 * |
50–54 | 3.93 ± 0.58 | 3.73 ± 0.75 | <0.0001 * |
55–59 | 3.87 ± 0.68 | 3.79 ± 0.76 | 0.021 * |
60–64 | 3.96 ± 0.61 | 3.84 ± 0.71 | 0.001 * |
≥65 | 3.95 ± 0.64 | 3.88 ± 0.69 | 0.011 * |
Variables | LTPA Status | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Regular LTPA | Nonregular LTPA | |||
Men (n = 5558) a | ||||
45–49 | Happy | 31 (15.50%) | 150 (20.90%) | 0.089 |
Unhappy | 169 (84.50%) | 567 (79.10%) | ||
50–54 | Happy | 34 (13.50%) | 161 (25.00%) | <0.0001 * |
Unhappy | 217 (86.50%) | 482 (75.00%) | ||
55–59 | Happy | 36 (16.60%) | 152 (21.40%) | 0.124 |
Unhappy | 181 (83.40%) | 559 (78.60%) | ||
60–64 | Happy | 22 (9.80%) | 113 (17.50%) | 0.006 * |
Unhappy | 202 (90.20%) | 534 (82.50%) | ||
≥65 | Happy | 64 (13.60%) | 260 (17.60%) | 0.038 * |
Unhappy | 408 (86.40%) | 1214 (82.40%) | ||
Women (n = 6539) a | ||||
45–49 | Happy | 26 (11.60%) | 188 (20.60%) | 0.002 * |
Unhappy | 199 (88.40%) | 726 (79.40%) | ||
50–54 | Happy | 18 (8.10%) | 187 (19.60%) | <0.0001 * |
Unhappy | 205 (91.90%) | 767 (80.40%) | ||
55–59 | Happy | 28 (13.30%) | 176 (19.00%) | 0.055 |
Unhappy | 182 (86.70%) | 752 (81.00%) | ||
60–64 | Happy | 25 (12.10%) | 127 (16.00%) | 0.169 |
Unhappy | 181 (87.90%) | 667 (84.00%) | ||
≥65 | Happy | 45 (13.30%) | 257 (14.70%) | 0.492 |
Unhappy | 294 (86.70%) | 1490 (85.30%) | ||
Pooled (n = 12,097) a | ||||
45–49 | Happy | 57 (13.40%) | 338 (20.70%) | 0.001 * |
Unhappy | 369 (86.60%) | 1292 (79.30%) | ||
50–54 | Happy | 52 (11.00%) | 349 (21.80%) | <0.0001 * |
Unhappy | 422 (89.00%) | 1249 (78.20%) | ||
55–59 | Happy | 63 (14.80%) | 328 (20.00%) | 0.013 * |
Unhappy | 364 (85.20%) | 1311 (80.00%) | ||
60–64 | Happy | 47 (10.90%) | 239 (16.60%) | 0.004 * |
Unhappy | 383 (89.10%) | 1202 (83.40%) | ||
≥65 | Happy | 109 (13.40%) | 517 (16.10%) | 0.066 |
Unhappy | 702 (86.60%) | 2703 (83.90%) |
Variables | Model 1 (Unadjusted) | Model 2 (Adjusted a) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | p-Value | β | SE | p-Value | |
Men | ||||||
Regular LTPA | 0.059 | 0.020 | <0.0001 * | 0.028 a | 0.020 | 0.039 * |
Nonregular LTPA | Ref. | - | - | Ref. | - | - |
Women | ||||||
Regular LTPA | 0.071 | 0.024 | <0.0001 * | 0.045 a | 0.023 | 0.001 * |
Nonregular LTPA | Ref. | - | - | Ref. | - | - |
Total | ||||||
Regular LTPA | 0.061 | 0.015 | <0.0001 * | 0.030 b | 0.015 | 0.002 * |
Nonregular LTPA | Ref. | - | - | Ref. | - | - |
Variables | Model 1 (Unadjusted) | Model 2 (Adjusted) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Men | ||||||
Regular LTPA | 1.470 | 1.239–1.743 | <0.0001 * | 1.216 a | 1.017–1.453 | 0.032 * |
Nonregular LTPA | Ref. | - | - | Ref. | - | - |
Women | ||||||
Regular LTPA | 1.677 | 1.314–2.141 | <0.0001 * | 1.401 a | 1.089–1.804 | 0.009 * |
Nonregular LTPA | Ref. | - | - | Ref. | - | - |
Total | ||||||
Regular LTPA | 1.493 | 1.300–1.714 | <0.0001 * | 1.221 b | 1.057–1.409 | 0.007 * |
Nonregular LTPA | Ref. | - | - | Ref. | - | - |
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Liang, C.; Wu, P.-L.; Lee, P.-F.; Ho, C.-C. Association of Regular Leisure-Time Physical Activity with Happiness among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8175. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158175
Liang C, Wu P-L, Lee P-F, Ho C-C. Association of Regular Leisure-Time Physical Activity with Happiness among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(15):8175. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158175
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang, Chyi, Pei-Ling Wu, Po-Fu Lee, and Chien-Chang Ho. 2021. "Association of Regular Leisure-Time Physical Activity with Happiness among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Taiwan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 8175. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158175