Waste Disposal Practices in Low-Income Settlements of South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources and Study Area
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Descriptive Results
3.2. Patterns of Waste Disposal
3.3. Dwelling Characteristics and Waste Disposal
3.4. Dwelling Characteristics and Waste Disposal
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Frequency (n) | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender of head of household | ||
Female | 51,241 | 57 |
Male | 38,163 | 42 |
Type of home | ||
Collective living quarters | 7967 | 10 |
Flat | 2091 | 2 |
House | 38,273 | 52 |
Hut/shack | 25,028 | 34 |
Number of people living in dwelling | ||
1–2 | 8949 | 55 |
3–5 | 5708 | 35 |
6–10 | 1446 | 8 |
>10 | 86 | 0.5 |
Number of people employed in dwelling | ||
0 | 84,588 | 94 |
1–2 | 4306 | 4 |
≥3 | 517 | 0.5 |
Fuel used for heating/cooking | ||
Electricity | 27,224 | 37 |
Candles | 8628 | 11 |
Coal | 279 | 0.3 |
Gas | 3167 | 4 |
Paraffin | 22,185 | 30 |
Solar | 1695 | 2 |
Wood | 9541 | 13 |
Toilet type | ||
Flush toilet connected to a sewage system | 50,769 | 69 |
Flush toilet with septic tank | 2350 | 3 |
Chemical toilet | 1973 | 2 |
Bucket toilet system | 1694 | 2 |
Pit toilet | 16,161 | 22 |
Source of water in the home | ||
Piped water in house/yard | 53,882 | 76 |
Piped water outside yard | 11,035 | 15 |
Tank | 4903 | 6 |
Stream | 588 | 0.8 |
Self-Reported Waste Disposal Characteristics for All Households in the Dataset | Frequency (n) | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
Waste disposal—collected by local authority once a week | ||
Yes | 61,948 | 69 |
No | 11,349 | 12 |
Do not know | 110 | 0.1 |
Refuse to answer | 19 | 0 |
Waste disposal—burn in the yard | ||
Yes | 5161 | 5 |
No | 67,553 | 75 |
Do not know | 672 | 0.7 |
Refuse to answer | 40 | 0 |
Waste disposal—bury in the yard | ||
Yes | 3337 | 3 |
No | 69,397 | 77 |
Do not know | 668 | 0.7 |
Refuse to answer | 24 | 0 |
Waste disposal—dumped in the yard | ||
Yes | 3443 | 3 |
No | 69,695 | 77 |
Do not know | 258 | 0.2 |
Refuse to answer | 29 | 0 |
Waste disposal—dumped in the street | ||
Yes | 9472 | 10 |
No | 63,332 | 70 |
Do not know | 579 | 0.6 |
Refuse to answer | 40 | 0 |
Variable | Dumped in the Street | Burn in the Yard | Bury in the Yard | Dumped in the Yard | Waste Collected | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95%CI | P-Value | OR | 95%CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Fuel used for heating/cooking | |||||||||||||||
Electricity * | |||||||||||||||
Candles | 0.6 | 0.4–0.8 | 0.004 | 3.0 | 2.3–3.9 | <0.001 | 1.4 | 1.0–2.0 | 0.051 | 2.0 | 1.4–2.9 | <0.001 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.2 | 0.521 |
Coal | 1.4 | 0.5–3.9 | 0.520 | 2.4 | 0.7–7.8 | 0.117 | 4.7 | 1.5–14.0 | 0.006 | 3.1 | 0.8–10.9 | 0.076 | 1.4 | 0.6–3.1 | 0.359 |
Gas | 0.9 | 0.6–1.4 | 0.773 | 1.1 | 0.6–1.9 | 0.629 | 1.5 | 0.8–2.7 | 0.144 | 1.3 | 0.7–2.4 | 0.404 | 0.8 | 0.6–1.0 | 0.185 |
Paraffin | 1.7 | 1.5–2.1 | <0.001 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.4 | 0.271 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.6 | 0.12 | 2.2 | 1.7–3.0 | <0.001 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.1 | 0.962 |
Solar | 1.4 | 0.9–2.1 | 0.076 | 1.9 | 1.2–3.0 | 0.002 | 2.2 | 1.3–3.6 | 0.002 | 1.7 | 1.0–3.1 | 0.052 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.6 | 0.219 |
Wood | 1.4 | 1.1–1.7 | 0.001 | 6.5 | 5.1–8.1 | <0.001 | 5.0 | 3.8–6.5 | <0.001 | 5.0 | 3.8–6.7 | <0.001 | 0.8 | 0.6–0.9 | 0.021 |
Type of home | |||||||||||||||
House * | |||||||||||||||
Flat | 4.7 | 3.2–6.8 | <0.001 | 0.1 | 0.0–0.5 | 0.002 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.3 | 0.164 | 0.2 | 0.0–0.8 | 0.021 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.2 | 0.591 |
Collective living quarters | 1.7 | 1.2–2.3 | <0.001 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.4 | 0.523 | 1.7 | 1.2–2.3 | 0.001 | 1.3 | 0.9–1.8 | 0.088 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.2 | 0.631 |
Hut/shack | 4.9 | 4.0–6.0 | <0.001 | 0.4 | 0.3–0.5 | <0.001 | 0.5 | 0.4–0.6 | <0.001 | 0.6 | 0.4–0.7 | <0.001 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.2 | 0.238 |
Toilet type | |||||||||||||||
Flush toilet connected to a sewage system * | |||||||||||||||
Flush toilet with septic tank | 3.1 | 2.1–4.7 | <0.001 | 3.2 | 2.1–5.0 | <0.001 | 7.0 | 4.6–10.7 | <0.001 | 3.6 | 2.2–5.8 | <0.001 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.6 | 0.193 |
Chemical toilet | 2.6 | 1.9–3.6 | <0.001 | 1.2 | 0.7–2.0 | 0.488 | 3.1 | 1.8–5.5 | <0.001 | 0.8 | 0.3–1.9 | 0.706 | 1.1 | 0.8–1.5 | 0.46 |
Bucket toilet system | 1.3 | 0.9–1.9 | 0.056 | 0.5 | 0.3–1.0 | 0.051 | 0.9 | 0.4–1.9 | 0.917 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.2 | 0.166 | 1.0 | 0.7–1.5 | 0.7 |
Pit toilet | 11.1 | 9.2–13.3 | <0.001 | 13.8 | 11.1–17.1 | <0.001 | 11.7 | 8.9–15.3 | <0.001 | 8.3 | 6.4–10.7 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 0.8–1.1 | 0.647 |
Source of water in the home | |||||||||||||||
Piped water in house/yard * | |||||||||||||||
Piped water outside yard | 2.2 | 1.9–2.6 | <0.001 | 2.2 | 1.8–2.6 | <0.001 | 2.3 | 1.9–2.9 | <0.001 | 2.9 | 2.4–3.5 | <0.001 | 1.2 | 1.1–1.4 | <0.001 |
Tank | 0.8 | 0.6–1.0 | 0.064 | 4.6 | 3.7–5.7 | <0.001 | 1.6 | 1.2–2.1 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 0.7–1.3 | 0.919 | 1.4 | 1.1–1.7 | 0.001 |
Stream | 2.9 | 1.7–5.1 | <0.001 | 2.7 | 1.5–4.9 | 0.001 | 7.3 | 4.3–12.4 | <0.001 | 3.1 | 1.7–5.8 | <0.001 | 0.9 | 0.4–1.7 | 0.763 |
Number of people living in the home | |||||||||||||||
1–2 * | |||||||||||||||
3–5 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.2 | 0.220 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.2 | 0.416 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.4 | 0.063 | 0.9 | 0.8–1.1 | 0.751 | 1.0 | 0.9–1.1 | 0.502 |
6–10 | 0.7 | 0.6–1.0 | 0.088 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.1 | 0.434 | 1.2 | 0.8–1.6 | 0.231 | 1.2 | 0.9–1.6 | 0.205 | 1.0 | 0.8–1.2 | 0.786 |
>10 | 0.6 | 0.1–2.3 | 0.507 | 0.7 | 0.2–2.2 | 0.664 | 1.0 | 0.3–3.9 | 0.895 | 0.5 | 0.1–2.5 | 0.453 | 0.6 | 0.2–1.5 | 0.370 |
Number of people employed in the home | |||||||||||||||
0 * | |||||||||||||||
1–2 | 1.1 | 0.7–1.5 | 0.585 | 1.39 | 0.9–2.0 | 0.108 | 0.9 | 0.6–1.5 | 0.890 | 0.6 | 0.4–1.0 | 0.066 | 0.8 | 0.6–1.0 | 0.118 |
≥3 | 0.2 | 0.1–1.3 | 0.108 | 0.47 | 0.0–3.8 | 0.485 | 0.5 | 0.0–4.1 | 0.517 | 0.8 | 0.1–4.2 | 0.861 | 1.3 | 0.5–3.3 | 0.474 |
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Haywood, L.K.; Kapwata, T.; Oelofse, S.; Breetzke, G.; Wright, C.Y. Waste Disposal Practices in Low-Income Settlements of South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158176
Haywood LK, Kapwata T, Oelofse S, Breetzke G, Wright CY. Waste Disposal Practices in Low-Income Settlements of South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(15):8176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158176
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaywood, Lorren Kirsty, Thandi Kapwata, Suzan Oelofse, Gregory Breetzke, and Caradee Yael Wright. 2021. "Waste Disposal Practices in Low-Income Settlements of South Africa" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 8176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158176